Defences Against Pathogenic Organisms

Defences Against Pathogenic OrganismsbacteriaDefined in the dictionary as a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that base cause disease.Which outhouse wherefore be divided into different categories, bacterium, virus, fungus and finally protozoa.Bacteria lowlife be in the form of m any(prenominal) sizes and kindle cause such(prenominal) things as cholera and typhoid fever. The virus type of pathogens be virtually(prenominal) smaller than bacteria and deal a fragment of genetic literal inside a encourageive protein coat. They atomic number 18 overly particularly common of causing influenza. Fungi provide look worry imprint and can cause such things like athletes foot. phylum phylum Protozoa can come in the form of soil food and some atomic number 18 parasites. They be organisms that live in or on, certain things. A precise serious example of this type, is malaria.FeaturesVirusBacteriaFungusProtozoa forageDo not have or need nutrition and do not eat anything Mostly argon heterotrophic, which means they live from and turned other organisms. Also At an elementary level, the nutritional requirements of a bacterium such as E. coli be revealed by the jail cells elemental composition.Absorbs nutrients like carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, xylose, sucrose) and also starches, cellulose, hemicelluloses and proteins.Require organic materials which may be particulate or in solution. They are holozoic.Re output signalRely on projecttain cells for the machinery needed to survive and reproduce. Once finding a legions, it and so looks for host cells to take over and slowly implants its genetic makeup into the cell.Reproduce by the process binary fission. Where the cells split into and divides into 2 identical daughter cells and When conditions are favourable such as the right temperature and nutrients are available, some bacteria like Escherichia coli can divide every 20 minutes.environmental conditions can influence how this happens and usuall y sexual or asexual facsimile are the main methods. Some yeasts and funguses thrive in warm environments, and can multiply at an extremely fast gait.Also may be a sexual, and also reproduction by binary fission is very common here.StructureTheir structure consists of a strand of nucleic acid, which is either deoxyribonucleic acid or RNA. Then it has something called a capsid which is a protective protein coat.Bacteria have a cell wall with no nucleus and have two types of DNA- plasmid and chromosomal.Some are unicellular still closely are multicellular which have cell walls and they are made of chitin. single celled organisms that have a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and vacuole.Sources usedBbc bitesize . (2015). Whats in a cell?. gettable http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_edexcel/cells/cells1.shtml. move accessed seventeenth butt against 2015.Chris Sherwood . (2015). How Do Viruses Reproduce?. functional http//www.ehow.com/how-does_4567511_viruses-rep roduce.html. coating accessed seventeenth jar against 2015.Constantine John Alexopoulos . (2015). Fungus . useable http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ exit/222357/fungus/57967/ commissariat. Last accessed seventeenth march 2015.G gingham. (2014). Bacteria. for sale http//www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria. Last accessed 17th march 2015Kenneth Todar. (2014). Nutrition and Growth of Bacteria. for sale http//textbookofbacteriology.net/nutgro.html. Last accessed 17th march 2015.Robert G Yaeger . (2015). Protozoa . functional http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8325/. Last accessed 17th march 2015.How does the personify defend itself against pathogens which cause infectious disease?Pathogens can drop the body by route of transmission. People can option up a pathogen by person to person contact with touch, expectoration and contaminated blood or bodily fluids. Pathogens can also be transmitted through foods, water, insects and fomites. Food can be contaminated by unclean hands, unclean utensils, and is cross contaminated. Water can be contaminated by gay or animal faeces which spreads the transmitting when drank, and insects can also carry a pathogen for example malaria. Lastly fomites are actually non-living but can spread pathogens by way of bedding, toys and wire for example. A common one is also athletes foot. Airborne pathogens gain through the nose and mouth of the body as you breathe, and food pathogens enter through your mouth and then into the digestive formation. Also they can also enter into the blood stream through vectors which is transmitted by mosquitos, fleas, ticks and contaminated needles. Breaks in the skin are also ways of entering.From the outside of the body the physical defences and barriers we have to table service us are the skin which is a physical barrier, clotting which if skin is broken the blood clots to stop any entering, sebaceous and sweet glands that produce chemicals that k ill bacteria, lysozyme which is in saliva and tears that kills bacteria, mucous membranes which secretes mucous and traps pathogens, nasal hairs that remove the organisms from the air, cilia force mucous secretion to the pharynx for swallowing, hydrochloric acid kills microorganisms, and the vagina produces lactic acid which stops growth of pathogens and has a low ph and mucous membranes that kill bacteria.If the physical barriers cannot defend against pathogens, then a second defence line takes over which is a superior general defence dodge. Phagocytes that are white blood cells engulf pathogens and macrophages which are a longer living phagocytes help digest the bacteria and protect the body. Substances that are produced by other proteins called complement defence proteins can help encounter pathogens, and are produced in response to knowing the presence of foreign materials in the body and burst or engulf the pathogen. Also interferons are proteins that help resist spread o f the virus, and inflammation are infected cells that produce a chemical histamine, and help more white blood cells get to the nation to help disturb transmitting.Antibo breathe outs play a special part to fight pathogens as they are lymphocytes that produce antibodies as a result of antigens. These are proteins in the group called immunoglobulins. Each antigen leave alone only stimulate the production of one peculiar(prenominal) antibody that will fit into its receptor area. This is called natural dynamic induced resistance. It is protection gained against a particular pathogen by the production of specific antibodies after the antigen on the pathogen has been detected. Pathogens are prevented from entering a host cell by antibodies binding to the antigens which are on the surface of the pathogen, and pathogens can be burst by antibodies activating the complement dodge. -see diagram hereT and B cells are lymphocytes, while t cells mature in the thymus gland gland and b ce lls mature in the bone marrow. The point of t cells, is that they are defenders that are activated in the thymus gland and do not actually produce antibodies but do help to protect in other ways. They have helper t cells which recognise antigens especially macrophages that multiply and enlarge and form helper t cells that produce chemicals (interferon) that then stimulate the forming of b cells. Then they stimulate the reproduction of killer t cells. Killer t cells produce and destroy abnormal body cells and smother a protein named perforin which form pores in the membranes of the cells they attack and Water and ions from the surroundings unravel into the cells and burst them. This is called lysis. Suppressor t cells inhibit working after the pathogen is destroyed, and retention t cells survive for a long time and stimulate warehousing b cells to produce antibodies. B cells work in the lymphatic system especially the spleen and lymph nodes and work on just one specific antigen and comes into contact with an antigen to then reproduce at a rapid pace which are plasma cells. They are very efficient and effective, but do only last a few days. Most b cells die within a few days like said before, but some do stay alive which are referred to as memory b cells and When the same antigen becomes present in the organism these memory B-cells are already there to begin the production of plasma cells and antibodies. Which is secondary B cell response. These are more powerful because they are produced faster, more are produced, and they are produced to a smaller amount of antigen.The primary response of the insubordinate system to infection is on the first time it is encountered and Depending on the reputation of the antigen and the site of entry this response can take up to 14 days to resolve and leads to the generation of memory cells with a high specificity for the bring on antigen. As soon as a foreign antigen is exposed, an even though no antibodies are produce d activated b cells differentiate to plasma cells. alternative response is the response to the antigen where there is a large production of amounts of antibodies. retrospection cells help generate what type of antibodies to produce during an immune response. It is like a B cell that keeps a memory of the older lymphocyte that was generated when there was an immune response for a specific antigen. They act as guardians time lag for the return of the same antigen so they can recruit the immune system and mount an attack sooner and more aggressively.Sources used for this TAQ*horse parsley A Ademokun. (2015). Immune Responses Primary and Secondary. in stock(predicate) http//www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0000947.html. Last accessed 17th march 2015.*bbc bitesize . (2015). fend for against infection. uncommitted http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/human/defendingagainstinfectionrev1.shtml. Last accessed 17th march 2015.*ico praver . (2015). Routes of Transmission. usable http//www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/about-microbiology/microbes-and-the-human-body/routes-of-transmission . Last accessed 17th march 2015.* S Detea . (2015). secondary response . Available http//thesciencedictionary.org/secondary-immune-response/. Last accessed 17th march 2015.ImmunityNaturalAcquiredSimilaritiesResist a specific disease. Inflammation.Resist a specific disease. Inflammation.Involve the action of antibodies in the body in some wayInvolve the action of antibodies in the body somehowTechnically use white blood cells to try and fight pathogen/ infectionTechnically use white blood cells to try and fight pathogen/ infectionDifferencesNatural is from birth, and get it from being born and is genetic.You acquire this immunity after exposure to a pathogen.Remains throughout your life enkindle be short lived or life longThis immunity has barriers that prevent entry of foreign agentsConsists of special t and b cells and also antibodies that are in body fl uidResponse is immediateResponse can take a few days, and is not immediateSources used*Christopher Hassell. (2014). Acquired Immunity. Available http//greaterimmunity.com/Files/acquired_immunity.html. Last accessed eighteenth march 2015*Garland science . (2015). The immune system in health and disease. Available http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27090/. 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