Bottom Up Approach Of Urban Planning

Bottom Up Approach Of urban preparednessSome get outing countries like India and China have follow the bottom-up draw close in urban homework, solving the urban problems set about by their cities. The reason of the emergence of this phenomenon was obvious that the exchange disposals of the developing enunciates take away to pay more than attention to boost the nations economy while cities of the states atomic number 18 still facing a lot of urban problems like silly living environment, poor public infrastructure, lack of housing, over-crowding, pollutions or even widespread poverty.Bottom-up improvement of urban planning prevalently means that local anesthetic anesthetic authoritiess or committees formed by local citizens are responsible for urban planning of their own ball clubs, solving the urban problems and planning their future ontogenesis, and then the districts link together to make the whole nation or domain become more developed. In this paper, advanta ges and disadvantages of the approach will be cover and examples of cities in developing countries like China and India will be cited in the beginning having the final conclusion.It croupe non be denied that the bottom-up approach is more man-centered than the classic top- bolt down approach which means the districts need to follow the guidelines and instructions of the central governance to develop. Also, the voices of the citizens heap be listened during the policy making and planning of the future learning of the districts. Decision making is faster and desperate and serious problems of districts could be alleviated or puzzle out in a shorter time.AR.UTTAM K.ROY (2009) had a research on westward Bengal in India and wrote a report called Integration of Top down and Bottom up approach in urban and Regional training West Bengal Experience of Draft Development Plans (DDP) and beyond. match to the report, West Bengal enacted the West Bengal Municipal Act in 1993 to decentraliz e spatial and socio-economic planning of unlike districts. Municipalities and municipal corporations are required to prepare the Draft Development Plans of atomic number 23 years. AR.UTTAM K.ROY (2009) found that DDP could actually involve flock in the problem identification, prioritization and establishment of the plan and desperate and serious urban problems faced by the people were alleviated.Besides, Bottom-up approach could reduce the burden of the central government and more central resources could be rehearsed for macro-economic development. As mentioned by P.K. Mohanty(1999),the Director of Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment of New Delhi in India, in a watchword chapter, Decentralization Reforms and Innovations in Municipal Management in India, Decentralization, if pursued properly, is probable to yield various benefits, including..freeing of central resources for macroeconomic extend tos much(prenominal) as stabilization, morphologic adjustment ,and poverty a lleviation.On the district level, local resources could be use and allocated better. Thus, the efficiency of service deli actually could be improved. Also, as citizens have a greater chance to involve in urban planning and decisiveness of policies, grass-root democracy could be promoted. As their opinions could be listened and accepted and social problems could be solved, social stability can as well be heightend. Stable and sedate troupe benefits the development of local economy.However, such planning approach also has some disadvantages. Firstly, some semipermanent planning cannot be gaunt up sometimes. When local people can get convoluted in urban policy making, they may only focus on the issues related to the nimble needs of citizens. According to the book Planning from the bottom up scripted by professor Anirban buddy(2008)of Delft University of Technology and the repor by AR.UTTAM K.ROY(2009)cities which used the bottom-up approach, the local planning organizations or committees like the districts in West Bengal in India can seldom come up with the development projects for future residential emersion or future spatial land use plans. And small graduated table projects like opening up of green space, creation of health centers, beautification of place remain the majority of the work of the local committees and organizations. Therefore, some professionals doubt that whether the bottom-up approach is a good urban planning rule for cities sustainable development or not. In fact, the lack of long-term plan of the development of the city and spatial land use plans would make the land use pattern of the cities become chaotic, raising other kinds of social problems and hindering the long-term development of the cities.Secondly, the bottom-up approach can lead to competitions in the midst of diametric districts within cities which can result in social instability. Professor Anirban Pal (2008) used Beijing, the capital of China, as an example in hi s book Planning from the bottom up. Different districts in Beijing are now hard to carry out different policies to raise their own attractiveness for overseas investments. The district level governments compete in carrying out widespread service and forced evictions. This has led to social unrest in Beijing. Therefore, it can be seen that bottom-up approach may lead to social instability if district level governments are too ambitious.Thirdly, the process of planning would not be truly bottom-up if the local district power is concentrated in the hands of one political organization and there are some channels for the local citizens to get involved in the planning process. much(prenominal) problem can be found in Kolkata according to V.Ramaswamy. The regnant ships company in Kolkata has great power and high social stead and thus there is no effective opposition to it. And the control party control the urban policy making and planning and local citizens do not have so much chan ce to get involved in the planning process .In this case, the process of planning is not sincerely bottom-up to a large extent. This also shows that the planning organizations should be self-sustaining of the ruling parties. If not, the bottom-up approach can never be really effective.Moreover, there is a problem of lack of expertise in LDCs. It is not uncommon that citizens of LDCs do not hold a high upbringing level. Although local citizens have the rights in planning the development and the land uses of the cities, close to of them do not have the professional knowledge in the force field of urban planning and urban policy. Just like in India the pedagogy level is low, more than 140,000,000 people do not have chief(a) educational level and only about 400,000 people have have tertiary education level. Therefore , it is very difficult to guarantee the plans drawn up by the local organizations without expertise are long-term plans which can benefit the growth and development of the cities. The local groups may only concern about the immediate needs of the local people, neglecting environmental conservation and long-term socio-economic development.From the above, it can be seen that the bottom-up approach also has certain limitations and such approach may even harms the long-term development of the cities in LDCs. However, it is very obvious that the urban problems faced by citizens in LDCs cannot be solved easily by the traditional top-down approach as the central government may focus on the development of whole domain rather than district issues and it is very hard for the central government to bonk every district issues. Thus, it seems the bottom-up approach is the most effective method to solve the immediate issues in the districts and satisfy the needs of the local people. Furthermore, if the local immediate problems like poverty, poor living environment could not be solved, the development of whole country would be hindered.To put it simply, the bottom-up approach is a good urban planning method for LDCs when tackling the urban problems in the districts but not so beneficial for hike up development. In order to compass sustainable development, cities of LDCs should adopt an approach which consists the elements of Top-down approach and bottom-up approach .This means the government can set up general guidelines and instructions for the districts to follow while granting them enough freedom and resources in tackling local affairs and drawing up plans of future development. Also, Kurian Joseph, R. Nagendran (2007) and Kumar. SA jay (2007) recommended in their papers, Top-Down And bottom-up Approach For Sustainability Of Waste Management In Developing Countries and Participatory spacial Planning A Model from Kollam District, espectively that groups of multi skill professional should engage in the process of planning and tackling urban problems. In fact, tackling issues like environmental problems especially needs the engagem ent of the professionals.Whats more, in order to facilitate the urban planning process, the central government should enact laws to restrict the participation of politicians like members of ruling parties and government officials in local urban planning, educate the public and raise their awareness on the urban problems around them and start introduce the apprehension of sustainable development to the communities.For the general development of whole country, central government should monitor the development of different districts and avoid vicious competition between the districts which may lead to social unrest. When vicious competition emerges, central government should intervene in order to make the political scene and society stable. However, it should be noted that the state government should not intervene so much if there is no vicious competition between cities. According to the paper which is called Vision 2021 Urban Governance in India by Dinesh Mehta(1999),the state gover nment should intervene as little as possible if the cities develop in a right way.All in all, the bottom-up approach is a good urban planning method which can really address the problems faced by the local citizens of LDCs. But the classic Top-down approach still cannot be forgotten as it is good for cities further development. Therefore, an approach which integrates both approaches would be a suitable way for cities of LCDs to achieve sustainable development.