Schistosoma Mansoni Tegument Proteins

Schistosoma Mansoni peel ProteinsTran, M., Pearson, Bethony, J., Smyth, D., Jones, M., Duke, M., Don, T., McManus, D., Correa-Oliveira, R. and Loukas, A. (2006) Tetraspanins on the come up of Schistosoma mansoni are defensive antigens against bilharzia, Nature medicine., 12(7), pp. 835-40. Braschi, S., Borges, W. and Wilson, R. (2007) Proteomic epitome of the business fluke tegument and its surface membranes, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz., 101, pp. 205-12.Tetraspanins are family establish inside the tegument that has shown to be accessible to entertain immunoglobulin by proteomic abstract (Braschi et al., 2006).The surface membrane of B cells has tetraspanins, it is in any case found on the suface of the schistosome tegument Schulte et al. (2013).Function of both schistosome tetraspanins and mammalian tetraspanins have kindred function (Tran et al. (2013). Tran et al (2006) suggested that expression and purification of the extracellular loop 2 of both TSP- 1 and TSP -2 of S.mansoni with E.coli thioredexin as soluble proteins. This was done by a mice been immunize three times with rTSP-1 which is a recombinant. The count of the sophisticate perfumes, coloured nut consignments and faecal bombard was givelight-emitting diode and step-down was found in the counts. collectable to the decrease of faecal egg count, a vaccine for schistosomiasis is manageable in which lessening of all the eggs in the environment is attain thereby reducing re-infection in the society. If the number of burden of faecal egg is reduced, it suggest that the symptoms linked with build up eggs in host is reduced. As seen using recombinant (rTSP-1) showed 34% reduction in worm burden through vaccination. Also r(TSP-2) showed 57% reduction of worm burden with vaccination. imputable to screening of of specialized antibodies against the recombinant proteins in individual exposed to S. mansoni , levels of IgG3 and IgG1 with TSP-2 showed increased foeman in the ind ividual in which IGe wasnt recognised. IgE is shown to come into motion when there is parasitic infection Tan et al. (2006) said that IgG3 and IgG1 with TSP-2 posseses protective characteistics which level that it could be an effective vaccine for scistosomiasis.Aquaporin is another molecule found on the surface of schistosomes and there is a lot of the Aquaporin protein within the tegument of S. mansoni ( Castro- Borges et al., 2011). SmAQP is found in both male and female worms whereby it enables nutrient transportation, drug white plague and osmoregulation (Faghiri et al., 2010). This led to scientist studying SmAQP whereby it has a chaacteristics of protecting the mice (Figueiredo et al. 2014). A chimeric get up of SmAQP which is cSmAQP was made to conduct immunisation studies, whereby there was a check out and mice injected with cSmAQP. This led to no worm burden been reduce and there was no reduction in parasite burden (Figueiredo et al., 2014). Figueiredo et al. (2014) s uggested that when binding SmAQP to antibodies it doesnt stop the protein protein from functioning.The efficacy of S.mansori vaccine candidate Sm-p80 were measured using two methods. A prime ascent vaccination strategy and a recombinant protein method. Both methods were carried out in the aim of a synthetic oligodeoxy basiss (ODN). ODN contains unmethylated CpG dinucleotides as an adjuvant.Firstly, C57BL/6 mice were immunize with a control prime-boost (100ug pcDNA3) and experimental prime boost (100 ug Sm-p80-pcDNA3). Also, Experimental recombinant protein (25ug rSm-p80 mixed with 50ug ODN) or the control recombinant protein (50ug ODN).The burdens showed a significant worm burden in both groups. Mice immunised with the prime boost strategy had a 57% reduction whilst mice immunised using the recombinant strategy combined with ODN had a 70% reduction. Ahmad et al observe there was also a 71% reduction in egg production in mice immunised with the prime-boost strategy and 75% red uction in egg production in mice immunised with the recombinant protein and ODN strategy.Also, cercarial radiation washed-out vaccines (RA) has high levels of protection and this has been set as the standard for inducing protein in animal models. Some parts of the S. mansori tegument have been found to pee partial protection against schistosome challenge in animal models.In a recent study conducted by Teixeira de Melo et al 2010, mice were immunised with the alone tegument of S. mantory, (Smteg).Freuds adjuvant was apply to immunise C57BL/6 mice. The mice were challenged with cercariae thirsty years after the last injection. The results showed a significant reduction in the worm, colorful egg and faecal egg burdens compared to the control group.Teixeira de Melo et al. (2010) collected worms from the immunised mice and think that the worms were physically impaired indicating that the teguments of schostosomes were damaged. Additionally, all the eggs collected from faeces were out of work however, it is unclear as to which of the specific protein contributed towards this protective immunity characteristic.3.2In a study perfomed by Cao X. et al (2014), two independent group of BALB/c mice were immunised with recombinant SjPDI with Montanide ISA 206 VG adjuvant and challenged with cercariae. The protective efficacy was evaluated. The result found showed a reduction of 35.32% and 26.19% when compared with control groups. 33.17% and 31.7% decrease in egg counts were also noticed.The protein SjNPP-5 from the family of nucleotide phosphodiesterase family (NPPs) was studied as a vaccine bum. This protein is responsible for various types of physiologic processes. (Rofatto et all 2009). In further research, Zhang et al (2011) tested the efficiency of this protein as a vaccine target. This was achieved by immunising ten BALB/c mice with recombinant SjNPP-5. The mice were then challenged with cercariae. The result showed a reduction in worm of 29.9% and there was a 26.21% reduction of liver egg count. The test shows that the protein possesses good immunogenicity and an increased level of specific antibodies.Lv et al 2009 tested a calcium-binding protein from the tegument of S japonicum for its faculty to protect mice against schistosomiasis infection. Eight mice were immunised with SJCa8 and was dissolved in phosphate buffer solution with Freuds adjuvant. The mice were also challenged with S.janonicum cercariae. Immunised mice were compared to controlled mice. The results showed a reduction of 50.39%. this results could signify that the calcium-binding protein SjCa8 may mend a suitable vaccine for the minimization of the pathogenesis of schistosome infection.*Yan et al (2005) used sera from M.fortis to screen and adult japonicum cDNA depository library for the identification of antigens that evoke protective response in M. fortis. Some of the clones identified by cDNA library screening partially encoded a member of the serine proteinase in hibitor. A uncut sequence encoding this protein was extracted.The S japonicum serpin (Sj serpin) was used to immunise C57BL/6 mice. The mice were also challenged with cercariae 3 weeks after the last boosting. Reduction of 34-36% in worm burdens was noticed. Also, formal counts had a 39-40% reduction compared to the controlled group. Overall, the test for Sj serpin was lower than 40% therefore is not considered an effective protein antigen.Furthermore, Hong et al 2015 analysed proteins recognised by susceptible (mice) and resistant (M.fortis) antibodies in the first place and after schistosome infection using comparative immunoproteomics. Hong proposed that proteins recognised by the resistant M.fortis sera would be effective vaccines on the other hand, proteins recognized by both resistant and susceptible would be suitable for diagnostic purposes.a heat shock protein known as DnaJ was recognized by sera from the M. Fortis (resistant). Hong et la 2015 conducted a vaccination of mi ce with the recombinant form of Dnaj derived from schistosome japonicum. The results showed a reduction in worm burdens 34.5% and reduction of liver egg count 48.9% in the immunised mice. This illustrates that this molecule induce partial protection against S.japonicum. overall, it can be conclude that SjDna is not an effective protein antigen.3.3Schistosoma haematobium tegument proteinsResearch into schistosomiasis haematobium vaccine generally has been inconclusive. Moreover, recently, a 23kDa antigen from the member of a tetraspanin family has been analysed for its potential vaccine target in S.haematobium (inal and Bickle 1995).Mice in this study were immunised with large hydrophilic theater of Sh23 as a fusion with glutathione S-transferase. The mice were challenged with cercariae. After 8 weeks, the mice were infused. Evidence of worm burden reduction was not seen.Golden Syrian hamsters were vaccinated with recombinant Sm-p80. When challenged with schistosomiasis haematobium carcariae, there was a reduction of 48% in worm burden and 66% in liver egg burden. 63% reductions in enteral egg retention were also discovered. Karmakar et al 2014, concluded that this was not a suitable model for studying the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis haematobium. The reason provided was due to the feature that there were no eggs detected in the urinary bladder of the vaccinated or control group.Similarly, baboons were used for immunisation experiments. The baboons were also immunised with the same combination of Sm-p80. The baboons displayed no reduction in urinary bladder egg load. There was a 40% reduction of faecal egg and a 53% reduction of urine egg. This result may denominate that Sm-p80 could be effective against both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis. Karmakar et al 2014Tran, M., Pearson, Bethony, J., Smyth, D., Jones, M., Duke, M., Don, T., McManus, D., Correa-Oliveira, R. and Loukas, A. (2006) Tetraspanins on the surface of Schistosoma mansoni are protec tive antigens against schistosomiasis, Nature medicine., 12(7), pp. 835-40.Braschi, S., Borges, W. and Wilson, R. (2007) Proteomic analysis of the schistosome tegument and its surface membranes, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz., 101, pp. 205-12.Schulte L.et al.(2013) Tetraspanin-2 localisation in high force per unit area frozen and freeze-substituted Schistosoma mansoni adult males reveals its distribution in membranes of tegumentary vesicles, International daybook for Parasitology, 43(10), pp. 785-793. doi 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.04.003.Castro-Borges, W., Simpson, D., Dowle, A., Curwen, R., Thomas-Oates, J., Beynon, R. and Wilson, R. (2011) Abundance of tegument surface proteins in the kind blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni determined by QconCAT proteomics, Journal of proteomics., 74(9), pp. 1519-33.Faghiri, Z., Camargo, S.M.R., Huggel, K., Forster, I.C., Ndegwa, D., Verrey, F. and Skelly, P.J. (2010) The Tegument of the human parasitic worm Schistosoma mansoni as an excretory or gan The surface Aquaporin SmAQP is a lactate transporter, 5(5).Pinheiro, C.S., Ribeiro, A.P.D., Cardoso, F.C., Martins, V.P., Figueiredo, B.C.P., Assis, N.R.G., Morais, S.B., Caliari, M.V., Loukas, A. and Oliveira, S.C. (2014) A multivalent chimeric vaccine calm of Schistosoma mansoni SmTSP-2 and Sm29 was able to induce protection against infection in mice, sponger Immunology, 36(7), pp. 303-312. doi 10.1111/pim.12118.Ahmad, G., Zhang, W., Torben, W., Haskins, C., Diggs, S., Noor, Z., Le, L. and Siddiqui, A.A. (2009) Prime-boost and recombinant protein vaccination strategies using Sm-p80 protects against Schistosoma mansoni infection in the reverse model to levels previously attainable only by the irradiated cercarial vaccine, 105(6).TEIXEIRA de MELO, T., MICHEL de ARAUJO, J., Do VALLE DURES, F., CALIARI, M.V., OLIVEIRA, S.C., COELHO, P.M.Z. and FONSECA, C.T. (2010) Immunization with newly transformed Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula tegument elicits tegument damage, reduction in egg and parasite burden, Parasite Immunology, 32(11-12), pp. 749-759. doi 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2010.01244.x.Yan, Y., Liu, S., Song, G., Xu, Y. and Dissous, C. (2005) Characterization of a novel vaccine candidate and serine proteinase inhibitor from Schistosoma japonicum (Sj serpin), Veterinary parasitology., 131, pp. 53-60.Hong, Y., Han, Y., Fu, Z., Han, H., Qiu, C., Zhang, M., Yang, J., Shi, Y., Li, X. and Lin, J. (2013) impression AND EXPRESSION OF THE SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM THIOREDOXIN PEROXIDASE-2 GENE, The Journal of Parasitology, 99(1), pp. 68-76. doi 10.2307/23355019.Hong et al., 2013Hong . et. al. (2015) Screening diagnostic candidates for bilharziasis from Tegument proteins of adult Schistosoma japonicum using an Immunoproteomic approach, 9(2).Inal, J. and Bickle, Q. (1995) Sequence and immunogenicity of the 23-kDa transmembrane antigen of Schistosoma haematobium, molecular and biochemical parasitology., 74(2), pp. 217-21.Karmakar, S., Zhang, W., Ahmad, G., Torben, W., Al am, M.U., Le, L., Damian, R.T., Wolf, R.F., White, G.L., Carey, D.W., Carter, D., Reed, S.G. and Siddiqui, A.A. (2014) Cross-species protection Schistosoma mansoni Sm-p80 vaccine confers protection against Schistosoma haematobium in hamsters and baboons, 32(11).

Preparation of Terbium Hydroxide Nanowires by Hydrothermal

provision of Terbium Hydroxide Nanowires by HydrothermalThe preparation of Terbium hydroxide nanowiresby hydrothermal methodThe single-crystalline Tb(OH)3 with various morphologies was successfully prep ard from Tb2O3 powder by adjusting the compactness of acetic window glass under hydrothermal spring. The influence of the absorption of acetic stinging and reply temperature on the crystalline cast and morphologies of Tb(OH)3 products was discussed. The submergence of acetic acerbic plays a learn role in determining the products syllable structure. Eventually, the mechanism of acetic acidic on syllable structure of products was deeply discussed.Keywords Tb(OH)3, nanowires, spindle, r atomic number 18 reality, hydrothermal.IntroductionRare-earth elements are a group of 17 chemicly similar metallic elements, including the 15 lanthanides, plus scandium and yttrium because of their similar chemical properties.The oxides of rare-earth elements contribute been lengthy used in past decades because of their optic, galvanic, magnetic, and catalytic properties, which are caused by their unmatched electronic structures and numerous transition modes involving the 4f shells of their ions. These properties strongly depend on the base, word structure and dimensionality of products, which are sensitive to the bonding states of rare earth ions.In fresh years, umteen important materials gestate been cramd in the form of nanowires to set about any(prenominal) unexpected properties. Nanowires represent a class of quasi-one-dimensional materials, in which letter carrier motion is restricted in two directions so that they usually confront significant p livelyochemical, physical, and electron-transport properties which differ from that of bulk or nanoparticle materials.Recently, three dimensional (3D) nanostructured architectures have been explored for a new generation of advanced devices such as supercapacitors, raise cells, and sensors owing to some im proved properties originating from their nanobuilding blocks and the manners in which they are organized. Up to now, a wide variety of inorganic materials, including metal,6a metal oxide,6bd hydrate,6e borate,6f bulwarkybdate,6g,h and tungstate,6i have been successfully prepared with complex 3D hierarchical shapes by the outcome- material body chemical method, due to its get-go cost and potential advantage for mammoth-scale production. However, exploration of reasonable synthetic methods for controlled construction of complex 3D architectures of other inorganic functional materials via a chemical self-assembly route is still an intensive and hot research topic.In the controlled construction of self-assembly of 1D or 2D nanobuilding blocks into 3D novel nanoarchitectures, copolymers and surfactants always play important roles due to their directing functions during the aggregation march as well as their stabilizing effects in vestibular sense systems. Lu-1For example, who and w ho reported theWho et al. have described systematically the However, there are unless(prenominal) several report on the synthesis ofAmong the family of rare earth compounds, the tuberculosis oxide is the important functional rare earth material. It had been used as a promising candidate for ceramic pigments, catalysts, promoters and stabilizers in combustion catalysts, oxygen-storage components, and materials with higher electrical conductivity. In addition, terbium hydroxides are of great importance because rare earth oxides can be straight formed through dehydration from hydroxides.To date, many terbium hydroxides particles have been synthe coatd via a hydrothermal route due to the advantages of high sinlessness and good homogeneity, and the turn backing structured rare earth oxides were made by calcining the precursors. Lu-1In the present work, we exploited a one-step hydrothermal route to prepare nano-scale terbium hydroxide with various morphologies. In addition, the mecha nism of acetic acid on morphology of products was deeply discussed.The reply mechanism leading to the atomic number 71 oxide precursor and the self-assembly process were discussed.A possible formation mechanism for the morphology evolution of these microstructures was suggested, which was not reported before.Experimental section2.1. Preparation of Tb(OH)3 precursorsall(a) chemicals with analytical grade were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan, and used without further purification. A detailed description of the preparation process is as follows15 mL of acetic acid solution with various constrictions (0.0010.2M) and 0.45 g of Tb2O3were placed in a 25 mL Teflon-lined autoclave. The autoclave was sealed, heated in an electric oven to two hundred C at a heating rate of 5 C/min, and maintained at cc C for 6 h with rotation for agitation. The autoclave was then cooled to room temperature via air quenching. The precipitate was calm victimization a centrifuge, wa shed with distilled water, and dried at room temperature. In order to investigate the mechanism, the reply temperature and reaction meter were appropriately changed. The comminuted water, sodium hydroxide and the other type of solutions were used as the closure instead of acetic acid solution.2.3. CharacterizationPowder X-ray diffractions (XRD) were performed utilise a Rigaku RTP-300RC diffractometer in operation(p) at 40 kV and speed of light mA with Cu K radiation () 1.54056 m. The patterns were collected in the range of 10 to 70 with a 0.02 step and scanning speed of 4/min. The micrographs of battleground emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were obtained using a JEOL JSM-6500F electron microscope operating at 15 kV. The samples were heated in air at a ramp rate of 10 C/min. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were obtained using a Shimadzu FTIR-8200PC spectrophotometer at room temperature.Result and discussion3.1. Influence of acetic acid niggardliness on the mannequin and morphology of the obtained precursorsThe chemical composition and crystal structure of the samples were firstly recoverd by XRD measurements. Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of as-prepared samples in the various concentrations of acetic acid solution. It is gentle found that when the concentration of HAc was move than 0.15M (fig.1ae), the XRD patterns can be indexed to be a pure hexagonal phase of Tb(OH)3, in agreement with the reported data (JCPDS 83-2038) with lattice constants a=6.3150 and c=3.6030. With the enhancement of concentration of HAc, the ardor level of main diffraction peak (100) little by little reduced, in the meantime the full width at half maximum (FWHM) extendd gradually. It pith that the crystallinity of products and crystalline grain were gradually decreased. It is important to note that the relative intensity ratio of (110) and (101) peaks was changed with the increse of concentration of CH3COOH, suggesting that the preferential g rowth along c-axis occurs with the increse of concentration of CH3COOH. When the concentration was further change magnitude to 0.2 M, an mysterious phase was formed. The XRD patters showed the compound have the superimposed structure according to the d value.In order to determine the chemical composition of the unknown phase, the Infrared spectra was allowed to use. Fig.2 shows the FT-IR spectra for the as-prepared simples. The natural peaks of Tb(OH)3 products (fig2.ae)were found at ca. 3610 and 670 cm-1. In accordance with the results in literature, these two bands can be associated with OH stretching and with Tb-OH flex modes in the hydroxide-. The FTIR spectra show that these products are free of organic byproducts. The IR spectra of the unknown phase (fig2.f) show additional adsorption bands at 3380, 2924 , 2853,1568, 1443 and 1011 cm-1. The occurrence of a broad 3390 cm-1 band is attributed to residual traces of water in the sample. The bands at 2924 and 2853 cm-1 corresp ond to CH3 stretching and CH3 against stretching vibration, respectively. These bands are located between 1568 and 1443 cm-1, which are typical for stretching vibrations of carboxylate groups Va(COO-) and Vs(COO-), respectively-. The band at 1011 cm-1 corresponds to Tb-OH bending vibration. On the arse of the IR spectrathe precursor material is assumed to contain metal acetate rayon hydrate and metallic hydrate (Tb(CH3COO)X(OH)YH2O).The SEM images of several typical samples with distinct morphologies are presented in Fig.3a-f. It is found that the concentration of acetic acid (HAc) plays a key role in determining the product morphology. Tb(OH)3 could be obtained at concentration between 0.001 to 0.15M. At low HAc concentration (fig.3a), the obtained product is composed of chondritic aggregates and it was difficult to distinguish each other. A slight increase in concentration to 0.01M (fig.3b), the morphology changed to microfibers of nanowires aggregated with diameter of 1.5 m an d length up to 5 m. It is easy to find that these microfibers were composed of bundles of nanowires. The diameter of these nanowires ranges from 50 to 100 nanometers. As HAc concentration was further increased to 0.03M (fig.3c), the spindle-like structures ranging in diameter less than 2m and length more than 10m were obtained. When HAc concentration was added to 0.1 M (fig.3d), the length of the bundles of nanowires was further increase to more than 12m along with the decrease of the diameter. At the same time, the diameter of the nanowires also gradually reduced. To further increase the concentration of HAc to 0.15M (fig.3e), the bundles of nanowires began to varying degrees of separation, some single nanowires began to form. These nanostructures are found to be in a wide scale of size, ranging in diameter from less than 12m to more than 2 m. Finally, when the concentration was further increased to 0.2 M (fig.3f), the SEM photograph also showed that this compound consisted of plat e-like crystals, which is in agreement with the XRD result.3.2 found of temperatureTo determine the effect of temperature, the Tb2O3 with 15ml 0.067M CH3COOH solution were hydrothermally treated at 100, clx, 200, 220 for 6h. According to the XRD patterns, the pure phase of Tb(OH)3 was only obtained at hydrothermal temperature to a higher place clx, while only a small sum total of Tb(OH)3 was formed at 100, and most of products proved to be raw material Tb2O3. With the increase of reaction temperature to above 160the raw material Tb2O3 disappeared, and pure phase of Tb(OH)3 was obtained. When the temperature was increased to 220the crystallinity of Tb(OH)3 was significantly increased.The hydrothermal temperature has a great impact on the size of the terbium hydroxide precursors. visit 5 shows typical SEM images of Tb(OH)3 in 0.067 mol/L HAc solution at various temperature. It can be seen that the a few microfiber-like structure of Tb(OH)3 was formed at low temperature of 100(Fig.5 a). When the temperature reached to 160, the uniform microfibers of Tb(OH)3 nanowires with length of about 13 m were obtained(Fig.5b). With the enhancement of reaction temperature, the length of microfibers gradually increased, as well as the diameter of nanowires (inset in Fig.5b and Fig.5d). The more quantity of microfibers was formed at high reaction temperature than the low temperature. In addition these microfibers grew very slowly as the extension of reaction time at high temperature of 220. Details of results are as shown in table1.That is because the reaction rate of the dissolving recrystallization increases at high temperature, a large number of crystal nucleus has been quickly formed in the sign stage of reaction. In the case of no changing the total amount of raw materials, the smaller grain size has been formed under the condition of higher temperature. Meanwhile, the defect of products is less at high temperature than low temperature. then the diameter of nanowires of microfibers at high temperature is bigger than at low temperature.3.3. Effect of reactionIn order to understand the reaction process, the reaction time was changed from 0 to 24h, while the CH3COOH concentration and reaction temperature were fixed to 0.067M and 200, respectively, Figure 6 show the XRD results of samples received after 0 h (just when the oven reached 200C at a heating ramp of 5C /min), 0.5h, 2h, and 6h of hydrothermal reaction at 200 C, respectively. According to the XRD patterns, when the oven reached 200 C, the characteristic peaks of hexagonal Tb(OH)3 just began to appear in the XRD pattern, as shown in Figure 6a. some of the characteristic peaks proved to be raw material Tb2O3. The pure phase Tb(OH)3 could be obtained after 30 min of hydrothermal reaction, and with the enhancement of reaction time, the intensity of main diffraction peak (100) gradually increased. It means that the crystallinity was gradually increased with the reaction time increased.Figure 7 shows SEM images of samples received after 0 h (just when the oven reached 200 C at a heating ramp of 5 C /min), 0.5 h, 2 h, 6 h, and 24 h of hydrothermal reaction at 200 C, respectively. When the oven reached 200 C, the product is composed of starfish-like microstructure (Figure 7a). With the increased of time to 0.5h(fig.7c), the morphology changed to microfibers of nanowires aggregated with diameter of 1.5 m and length up to 5 m. It is easy to find that these microfibers were composed of bundles of nanowires. As time was further increased to 6h (fig.7d), the spindle-like structures ranging in diameter less than 1.5m and length more than 10m were obtained. Finally, when time was increased to 24h (fig.7e), the nanowires of the spindle-like microfibers began to split.3.4 the effect of CH3COOH on morphologyAccording to the above phenomenon, CH3COOH plays a key role in determining the morphology of products. To determine the effect of CH3COOH on morphology, the pure water, sodium hydr oxide, CH3COONa, HCl, oxalic acid and ascorbic acid (L-Ac) solution as the solvent instead of acetic acid.From XRD patterns we can see, no reckon what kind of solution was used as a solvent, the pure phase Tb(OH)3 could be obtained.In 5M NaOH solution, the product was composed of nanorods aggregates. In pure water, nanoparticals and some mocrorods aggregates were obtained. (,,,,,-c)Figure 9. SEM images of products combined from 0.45g of Tb2O3 in (a)10M NaOH solution and (b) pure water at 200 oC for 6h.ConclusionWe have used terbium oxide and different concentrations of acetic acid to synthesize the single-crystalline Tb(OH)3 with various morphologies by a hydrothermal method. The concentration of acetic acid, reaction temperature, reaction time and types of solvents strongly affect the morphology and size of products. The morphology of the Tb(OH)3 products changed from granular aggregates, to microfibers of nanowires aggregated, spindle of nanowires, eventually into nanowires with increasing concentration. The crystallinity of the Tb(OH)3 products can be increased by enhanced the reaction temperature. The method utilized in this lease to fabricate the terbium hydroxide with tunable morphologies is general and could be extended to synthesize the other rare earth hydroxides by simple adjusting the concentration of acetic acid.

Defences Against Pathogenic Organisms

Defences Against Pathogenic OrganismsbacteriaDefined in the dictionary as a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that base cause disease.Which outhouse wherefore be divided into different categories, bacterium, virus, fungus and finally protozoa.Bacteria lowlife be in the form of m any(prenominal) sizes and kindle cause such(prenominal) things as cholera and typhoid fever. The virus type of pathogens be virtually(prenominal) smaller than bacteria and deal a fragment of genetic literal inside a encourageive protein coat. They atomic number 18 overly particularly common of causing influenza. Fungi provide look worry imprint and can cause such things like athletes foot. phylum phylum Protozoa can come in the form of soil food and some atomic number 18 parasites. They be organisms that live in or on, certain things. A precise serious example of this type, is malaria.FeaturesVirusBacteriaFungusProtozoa forageDo not have or need nutrition and do not eat anything Mostly argon heterotrophic, which means they live from and turned other organisms. Also At an elementary level, the nutritional requirements of a bacterium such as E. coli be revealed by the jail cells elemental composition.Absorbs nutrients like carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, xylose, sucrose) and also starches, cellulose, hemicelluloses and proteins.Require organic materials which may be particulate or in solution. They are holozoic.Re output signalRely on projecttain cells for the machinery needed to survive and reproduce. Once finding a legions, it and so looks for host cells to take over and slowly implants its genetic makeup into the cell.Reproduce by the process binary fission. Where the cells split into and divides into 2 identical daughter cells and When conditions are favourable such as the right temperature and nutrients are available, some bacteria like Escherichia coli can divide every 20 minutes.environmental conditions can influence how this happens and usuall y sexual or asexual facsimile are the main methods. Some yeasts and funguses thrive in warm environments, and can multiply at an extremely fast gait.Also may be a sexual, and also reproduction by binary fission is very common here.StructureTheir structure consists of a strand of nucleic acid, which is either deoxyribonucleic acid or RNA. Then it has something called a capsid which is a protective protein coat.Bacteria have a cell wall with no nucleus and have two types of DNA- plasmid and chromosomal.Some are unicellular still closely are multicellular which have cell walls and they are made of chitin. single celled organisms that have a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and vacuole.Sources usedBbc bitesize . (2015). Whats in a cell?. gettable http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_edexcel/cells/cells1.shtml. move accessed seventeenth butt against 2015.Chris Sherwood . (2015). How Do Viruses Reproduce?. functional http//www.ehow.com/how-does_4567511_viruses-rep roduce.html. coating accessed seventeenth jar against 2015.Constantine John Alexopoulos . (2015). Fungus . useable http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ exit/222357/fungus/57967/ commissariat. Last accessed seventeenth march 2015.G gingham. (2014). Bacteria. for sale http//www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria. Last accessed 17th march 2015Kenneth Todar. (2014). Nutrition and Growth of Bacteria. for sale http//textbookofbacteriology.net/nutgro.html. Last accessed 17th march 2015.Robert G Yaeger . (2015). Protozoa . functional http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8325/. Last accessed 17th march 2015.How does the personify defend itself against pathogens which cause infectious disease?Pathogens can drop the body by route of transmission. People can option up a pathogen by person to person contact with touch, expectoration and contaminated blood or bodily fluids. Pathogens can also be transmitted through foods, water, insects and fomites. Food can be contaminated by unclean hands, unclean utensils, and is cross contaminated. Water can be contaminated by gay or animal faeces which spreads the transmitting when drank, and insects can also carry a pathogen for example malaria. Lastly fomites are actually non-living but can spread pathogens by way of bedding, toys and wire for example. A common one is also athletes foot. Airborne pathogens gain through the nose and mouth of the body as you breathe, and food pathogens enter through your mouth and then into the digestive formation. Also they can also enter into the blood stream through vectors which is transmitted by mosquitos, fleas, ticks and contaminated needles. Breaks in the skin are also ways of entering.From the outside of the body the physical defences and barriers we have to table service us are the skin which is a physical barrier, clotting which if skin is broken the blood clots to stop any entering, sebaceous and sweet glands that produce chemicals that k ill bacteria, lysozyme which is in saliva and tears that kills bacteria, mucous membranes which secretes mucous and traps pathogens, nasal hairs that remove the organisms from the air, cilia force mucous secretion to the pharynx for swallowing, hydrochloric acid kills microorganisms, and the vagina produces lactic acid which stops growth of pathogens and has a low ph and mucous membranes that kill bacteria.If the physical barriers cannot defend against pathogens, then a second defence line takes over which is a superior general defence dodge. Phagocytes that are white blood cells engulf pathogens and macrophages which are a longer living phagocytes help digest the bacteria and protect the body. Substances that are produced by other proteins called complement defence proteins can help encounter pathogens, and are produced in response to knowing the presence of foreign materials in the body and burst or engulf the pathogen. Also interferons are proteins that help resist spread o f the virus, and inflammation are infected cells that produce a chemical histamine, and help more white blood cells get to the nation to help disturb transmitting.Antibo breathe outs play a special part to fight pathogens as they are lymphocytes that produce antibodies as a result of antigens. These are proteins in the group called immunoglobulins. Each antigen leave alone only stimulate the production of one peculiar(prenominal) antibody that will fit into its receptor area. This is called natural dynamic induced resistance. It is protection gained against a particular pathogen by the production of specific antibodies after the antigen on the pathogen has been detected. Pathogens are prevented from entering a host cell by antibodies binding to the antigens which are on the surface of the pathogen, and pathogens can be burst by antibodies activating the complement dodge. -see diagram hereT and B cells are lymphocytes, while t cells mature in the thymus gland gland and b ce lls mature in the bone marrow. The point of t cells, is that they are defenders that are activated in the thymus gland and do not actually produce antibodies but do help to protect in other ways. They have helper t cells which recognise antigens especially macrophages that multiply and enlarge and form helper t cells that produce chemicals (interferon) that then stimulate the forming of b cells. Then they stimulate the reproduction of killer t cells. Killer t cells produce and destroy abnormal body cells and smother a protein named perforin which form pores in the membranes of the cells they attack and Water and ions from the surroundings unravel into the cells and burst them. This is called lysis. Suppressor t cells inhibit working after the pathogen is destroyed, and retention t cells survive for a long time and stimulate warehousing b cells to produce antibodies. B cells work in the lymphatic system especially the spleen and lymph nodes and work on just one specific antigen and comes into contact with an antigen to then reproduce at a rapid pace which are plasma cells. They are very efficient and effective, but do only last a few days. Most b cells die within a few days like said before, but some do stay alive which are referred to as memory b cells and When the same antigen becomes present in the organism these memory B-cells are already there to begin the production of plasma cells and antibodies. Which is secondary B cell response. These are more powerful because they are produced faster, more are produced, and they are produced to a smaller amount of antigen.The primary response of the insubordinate system to infection is on the first time it is encountered and Depending on the reputation of the antigen and the site of entry this response can take up to 14 days to resolve and leads to the generation of memory cells with a high specificity for the bring on antigen. As soon as a foreign antigen is exposed, an even though no antibodies are produce d activated b cells differentiate to plasma cells. alternative response is the response to the antigen where there is a large production of amounts of antibodies. retrospection cells help generate what type of antibodies to produce during an immune response. It is like a B cell that keeps a memory of the older lymphocyte that was generated when there was an immune response for a specific antigen. They act as guardians time lag for the return of the same antigen so they can recruit the immune system and mount an attack sooner and more aggressively.Sources used for this TAQ*horse parsley A Ademokun. (2015). Immune Responses Primary and Secondary. in stock(predicate) http//www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0000947.html. Last accessed 17th march 2015.*bbc bitesize . (2015). fend for against infection. uncommitted http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/human/defendingagainstinfectionrev1.shtml. Last accessed 17th march 2015.*ico praver . (2015). Routes of Transmission. usable http//www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/about-microbiology/microbes-and-the-human-body/routes-of-transmission . Last accessed 17th march 2015.* S Detea . (2015). secondary response . Available http//thesciencedictionary.org/secondary-immune-response/. Last accessed 17th march 2015.ImmunityNaturalAcquiredSimilaritiesResist a specific disease. Inflammation.Resist a specific disease. Inflammation.Involve the action of antibodies in the body in some wayInvolve the action of antibodies in the body somehowTechnically use white blood cells to try and fight pathogen/ infectionTechnically use white blood cells to try and fight pathogen/ infectionDifferencesNatural is from birth, and get it from being born and is genetic.You acquire this immunity after exposure to a pathogen.Remains throughout your life enkindle be short lived or life longThis immunity has barriers that prevent entry of foreign agentsConsists of special t and b cells and also antibodies that are in body fl uidResponse is immediateResponse can take a few days, and is not immediateSources used*Christopher Hassell. (2014). Acquired Immunity. Available http//greaterimmunity.com/Files/acquired_immunity.html. Last accessed eighteenth march 2015*Garland science . (2015). The immune system in health and disease. Available http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27090/. Last accessed 18th march 2015References and bibliographyAlexander A Ademokun. (2015). Immune Responses Primary and Secondary. Available http//www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0000947.html. Last accessed 17th march 2015.Ananya Mandal. (2014). Cholera Transmission. Available http//www. watchword-medical.net/health/Cholera-Transmission.aspx. Last accessed 16th march 2015.Arthur Schoenstadt. (2012). Malaria Transmission. Available http//malaria.emedtv.com/malaria/malaria-transmission.html. Last accessed 16th march 2015.Bbc bitesize. (2015). Defending against infection. Available http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aq a_pre_2011/human/defendingagainstinfectionrev1.shtml. Last accessed 17th march 2015.Bbc bitesize. (2015). Whats in a cell?. Available http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_edexcel/cells/cells1.shtml. Last accessed 17th march 2015.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Influenza. Available http//www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm. Last accessed 16th march 2015.Eric J. Nelson, Jason B. Harris, J. Glenn Morris, Jr, Stephen B. Calderwood Andrew Camilli. (2014). Life cycle of unhealthful Vibrio cholerae.. Available http//www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v7/n10/fig_tab/nrmicro2204_F2.html. Last accessed 16th march 2015.Christopher Hassell. (2014). Acquired Immunity. Available http//greaterimmunity.com/Files/acquired_immunity.html. Last accessed 18th march 2015Chris Sherwood. (2015). How Do Viruses Reproduce?. Available http//www.ehow.com/how-does_4567511_viruses-reproduce.html. Last accessed 17th march 2015.Constantine John Alexopoulos. (2015). Fungus . Available htt p//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/222357/fungus/57967/Nutrition. Last accessed 17th march 2015.Garland science. (2015). The immune system in health and disease. Available http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27090/. Last accessed 18th march 2015G gingham. (2014). Bacteria. Available http//www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria. Last accessed 17th march 2015Great Ormond. (2015). transmission system prevention and control. Available http//www.gosh.nhs.uk/parents-and-visitors/coming-to-hospital/infection-control-and-prevention/. Last accessed 18th march 2015.Ico praver. (2015). Routes of Transmission. Available http//www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/about-microbiology/microbes-and-the-human-body/routes-of-transmission . Last accessed 17th march 2015.Kalyan Das. (2015). Influenza A life cycle.. Available http//www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v17/n5/fig_tab/nsmb.1779_F1.html. Last accessed 16th march 2015.Kenneth Todar. (2014). Nutrition and Growth of Bacteria. Available http//textbookofbacteriology.net/nutgro.html. Last accessed 17th march 2015.Kristeen Cherney. (2014). What is Cross Infection?. Available http//www.healthline.com/health/cross-infectionOverview1. Last accessed 18th march 2015.Lisa minu. (2014). Understanding Athletes floor . Available http//www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/understanding-athletes-foot-basics. Last accessed 16th march 2015.Public health England. (2015). Infection control New best practice guide will bolster fight against healthcare associated infections See more at http//www.buildingbetterhealthcare.co.uk/news/article_page/Infection_control_New_. Available http//www.buildingbetterhealthcare.co.uk/news/article_page/Infection_control_New_best_practice_guide_will_bolster_fight_against_healthcare_associated_infections/71006. Last accessed 18th march 2015Robert G Yaeger. (2015). Protozoa . Available http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8325/. Last accessed 17th march 2015.S Detea . (2 015). Secondary response . Available http//thesciencedictionary.org/secondary-immune-response/. Last accessed 17th march 2015.Thomas Urbauer. (2014). What Is the Life round of Tinea Pedis? . Available http//www.ehow.com/about_6513541_life-cycle-tinea-pedis_.html. Last accessed 16th march 2015.Toni Rizzo. (2015). Hospital-Acquired Infections . Available http//www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Cross_infection.aspx. Last accessed 18th march 2015WHO. (2015). 10 facts on cholera. Available http//www.who.int/features/factfiles/cholera/en/. Last accessed 16th march 2015.

Scenario Of Smoking And Cigarettes Health And Social Care Essay

Scenario Of claim And Cig arttes health And Social sustenance EssayAccording to Mackay and Eriksen (2002), since early 20th century, when fairy was first fabricate, in that location has been a steady increase in the number of cig bette consumers passim the whole world. Although there are ups and downs in the graph of cigarette employ handst level in certain countries, the number of people who throne approximately the world continues to rise and more cigarettes are being consumed every day. As the human race populations keep on expanding and be trace larger, so will the number of low-downrs in the world. It is expected that at least 2 one(a) thousand million people will live in this planet take cigarette by year 2030. The number of people who smokes will continue to increase, change surface as the prevalence rates drop. Fe manlike smokers are growing in numbers, particularly in evolution countries, which will fill the gap of come down in the prevalence rates among anthropoid smokersGoddard (2008), in a nonher field of battle embed out that from 1974 until 1982, the popularity of smoking in Great Britain had fallen crucially, from 45% to 35%. This devolve however, began to slow down, where for every two years and approximately one character of the rate fell down until 1994 to 27%. The general decrease in smoking popularity mentioned above was caused by disapprove of both light smokers and heavy smokers. Here, light smokers are identified as people who smoke slight than 20 cigarettes per day whereas heavy smokers are people who smoke more than 20 cigarettes per day. There has been a decrease on the number of adult smokers who consume number 20 or more cigarettes per day from 1974 to 2006 with the percentage of 26% and 8% one by one. Over the uniform period, the female smokers overly showed a decline in number from 13% to 5%.interim, in Mexico, a decrease in smoking trends occurred at the offset of 20th century oddly on exposure of smoking, nonchalant smoking use as hygienic as smoking absolute absolute frequency among the society, especially among men. In addition, smoking popularity and smoking frequency has shown a significant decline particularly among adult smokers in both genders compared to the younger smokers. Nonetheless, men are facing a worse smoking smear compared to women in both mentioned areas. However, during year 2002, it was shew out that daily female smokers throw off more cigarettes than men (Franco-Marina, 2007).Surprisingly, in worldwide, well-nigh one billion men, consists most 35% in developed countries and an another(prenominal) 50% in developing countries, are smokers. The rate of male smoking across the world had r severallyed its circus tent but is slowly declining. Nevertheless, there declining rate is very slow compared to the legitimate effects it has on human. Although more and more researches had been conducted to hear the negative impacts of smoking, presently th e decrease has been slow. In overall, the ones who give up the smoking habit come from those who are educated and so smoking becomes more popular among poorer and less educated man. (Mackay and Eriksen, 2002).Concern over health issues related to tobacco plant employment is not a new issue. According to Shafey (2003), not only that health concern is increasing, presently the dominance of smoking in addition began shifting to low-income and middle-income countries especially in many Asian countries (as cited in Parkinson et al., 2009). This is true especially when tobacco usage among human has become a global outbreak. Cigarettes are manufactured with the amount of five and a half trillion for every one year. This is enough to feed everyone on earth about approximately 1,000 cigarettes for each one of them. The largest tobacco consumers identified are Asia, Australia and the Far East with consumption of 2,715 billion cigarettes, before the Americas with 745 billion cigarettes, Ea stern Europe and Former Soviet Economies with 631 billion cigarretes and Western Europe with 606 billion cigarettes (Mackay and Eriksen, 2002).Situation in Malaysia however, is about different. According to National Health Morbidity Survey (1986 and 1996), the prevalence of smoking among Malaysian adults has increased from 39% to 49% (as cited in Shahidan et al., 2002). National Health and Morbidity Survey (1996) also states the occurrence of tobacco consumption is nigh 24.8% and among all men, 49.2% of them are smokers, whereas for women only 3.5% of them are smoke (as cited in Parkinson et al., 2009). Mean season jibe to statistic in PROSTAR (2007), in 2000 there are 3.6 million smokers in Malaysia and by 2025, it is speculated that the total will increase to 4.6 million (as cited in Kim et al., 2009). correct though currently no clear evidence exists, some succeed had identified that smoking among teenagers is increasing nowadays. (Parkinson et al., 2009). However, accordin g to Thambypillai (1985) Shamsuddin Haris (2000) Naing et al. (2004) and Ahmad et al. (1997), there are no significant changes of trends for teenage smoking. Several surveys done in different regions found out that smoking habit among male teenagers was between 17% to 36% mean plot of ground for female it was between 1% to 5% (as cited in Lim et al., 2006).2.1 Reasons for SmokingAccording to Baker et al. (2002), smokers give almost the same justifications or rationales for smoking. Apparently, legal age of them regard smoking activity as a form of residuum and a way to cope with examine. It is also an addictive habit which presents smokers with levelheaded feelings and lessens the bad feelings through the effects of nicotine. In a way smokers ask cigarette as a helpful tool to them although they are alive(predicate) of its negative effects. This is consistent with the research done by Kaiki et al. (2008) in which they state that smoking is one way for smokers to have pleasur e while at the same time relaxing themselves or easing their stress. Moreover, British American Tobacco Malaysia (2010) reported that an important aspect experienced by smokers comes from the pharmacological effect of nicotine a mild stimulant effect not unlike that of caffeine, and a mild relaxing effect. Baker et al. (2002) also stated that serious cigarette smokers are addicted to tobacco, which lead them to smoke intemperately whereas light smokers smoke more for social purpose.On the other hand, according to Jarvis (2004), during early adolescent is a period where people like to try out with smoking due to psychosocial savvy. For people who just showtimeed smoking, a cigarette is a symbolic way of saying that they are no longer their mothers baby bird and a way of showing that they are mature. Children who have hunt downency to smoke usually come from environment that promotes smoking culture. Such environment includes situation where family members and fellows are smoke rs or where smoking is considered common in school and in society. They also have tendency to smoke due to their own intimate or external conditions such having low self esteem, overweight, psychologically impaired, or having poor exploit at school.Moreover, it is believed that there is a distinguishable linguistic rule among smokers from different gender group. Parkinson et al. (2009), conform to this idea in which the findings of his study revealed that males tend to believe that smoking makes people look more attractive compared to women and translate smoking as a mark of being modern. Furthermore, both genders also resemblingly tend to believe that by smoking they can master their body weight. This finding however contradicts with Western studies by Cavallo (2006), where the data showed that male teenagers do not worry about their weight as much as female teenagers and so are less likely smoke in order to control weight than females (as cited in Parkinson et al., 2009).2. 2 Review of cerebrate StudiesThe smoking rate for university students is rising gradually in Turkey as well as the world (Kaiki et al., 2008). A research by Cooper et al. (2004) say that there is an increase for the rate of smoking in Turkey in which 64% of the increase is among the men and 23% of it is women. Abolfutuoh et al. (1998) states 40% of the students in Education Council are heavy smokers and only 23% of the treat Council students smoke. Meanwhile, Kader and Alsadi (2008) found that most of the students are light smokers (50.6%). They also said that students in the medical school tend to smoke less than their friends in other faculties. Surprisingly, a study by Kypri and Baxter (2004) said that the smoking pattern is high among Maori women than men, in which the women tend to smoke daily.Sharker (2005) in his study about knowledge, spot and practice on smoking among students and staff in Universiti Putra Malaysia states that 13.7% from respondents who smoke comes fro m students while 9.9% was comes from the staff. He also found that Indians and Malays were among the highest percentage due to ethnic groups which comprises of 12.7% and 11.6% respectively meanwhile Hindus and Muslim were among the highest percentage due to religious group which touch to 13% and 11.9% respectively.According to Azlan (2006) in his study on smoking among subsidiary school students in Kuantan, the smoking percentage was 43% with 63.5% comes from males and 17.5% comes female. This study is rather similar to the study done by Rapeah et al. (2008) whereby almost half of the respondents in her study on factors influencing smoking behaviours among male adolescents in Kuantan were smokers (45.8%) and Malays were contribute up to 53.1%.A cross-sectional study of 16-year old secondary school students in Kota Tinggi order reported that 29.7% from the respondents were found to be smoking and the highest percentage of male smokers comes from FELDA (Federal Land Development Au thority) areas which comprises of more than 50% (Lim et al., 2006). Meanwhile, the study done by Shahidan et al. (2002) on smoking habits among secondary school students in Kedah reported that the average age for smoking and non-smoking groups were 16 years old the research has reveal that the age of onset smoking among respondents began as early as 13 years old.According to Kaiki et al. (2008), 40.2% of the final grade students at the Atatrk University smoked. 56.5% from that said that they smoke to release tense while 24.6% smoke for pleasure. Abolfutuoh et al. (1998) states that curiosity was the principal(prenominal) reason for initiation of smoking among students in medical students at the University College of treat and students of the College of Education. There are findings found in a research by Kader and Alsadi (2008) that say the students smoke because it helps them to concentrate as well as chill out them down. They also said that students smoke because they also want to cope with stress and social anxieties. Kypri and Baxter (2004) also stated that students smoke because it helps them to relax.According to Shahidan et al. (2002), matured, attractive and stylish are among the reasons students start smoking with percentage of 70.0%, 62.2% and 54.0% respectively. Meanwhile, Sharker (2005) found that the main reason for the onset of smoking among students and staff in Universiti Putra Malaysia was just for fun and it was comprises of 54.2%. In addition, Azlan (2006) revealed that the main reason for students to smoke is because of the influences of friends.Rapeah et al. (2008) states that wanted to try received the highest frequency among reasons for smoking with percentage of 68.9% and peer influence follows behind with percentage of 56.1%. Nonetheless, nearly 70% of the respondents disagrees that trendy is the reason for initiating smoking. There are also findings found in a research by Khairani et al. (2007) that say curiosity and peer pressure are the most common reasons for starting smoking with percentage of 69.3% and 51% respectively. On the other hand, the most frequent reason for continue smoking reported was stress with percentage of 70% followed by colony with percentage of 49%.Kaiki et al. (2008) stated that one of the factors that encourage the students to smoke is the parents of the students. Most of the students who smoke have fathers and brothers who smoke as well. Friends are also one of the factors that lead to smoking habit among the students. These findings are quite similar with the study by Shahidan et al. (2002) which conducted in Kedah. Their research stated that family members and peers who smoke have great influence to students to start smoking. There is twice higher take a chance for students who come from smoking family to smoke than those who are not. In addition, there are nearly six times higher risks of smoking for student who have peers who are smokers than those who do not have peers who smoke. Same goes to the study by Khairani et al. (2007), which found out significant connection between smoking among family members and teenager smoking.Sharker (2005) reported that the popularity of smoking was linked with race, family, age, religious, economic status as well as peers smoking habits. These findings are consistent with the study done by Azlan (2006) on the prevalence of smoking among secondary school students and its associated factors in the district of Kuantan. Meanwhile, according to Lim et al. (2006), smoking is associated with factors such as having low academic achievement as well as having a lot of close friends and siblings who smoke. some other finding also discovers that respondents who smoke are linked with factors which are location towards smoking, type of class stream and having smoking friends (Rapeah et al., 2008). In addition, among the main factors for students to start smoking are showing off, curiosity and pressure from peers (Abolfutuoh et al. , 1998).

Bottom Up Approach Of Urban Planning

Bottom Up Approach Of urban preparednessSome get outing countries like India and China have follow the bottom-up draw close in urban homework, solving the urban problems set about by their cities. The reason of the emergence of this phenomenon was obvious that the exchange disposals of the developing enunciates take away to pay more than attention to boost the nations economy while cities of the states atomic number 18 still facing a lot of urban problems like silly living environment, poor public infrastructure, lack of housing, over-crowding, pollutions or even widespread poverty.Bottom-up improvement of urban planning prevalently means that local anesthetic anesthetic authoritiess or committees formed by local citizens are responsible for urban planning of their own ball clubs, solving the urban problems and planning their future ontogenesis, and then the districts link together to make the whole nation or domain become more developed. In this paper, advanta ges and disadvantages of the approach will be cover and examples of cities in developing countries like China and India will be cited in the beginning having the final conclusion.It croupe non be denied that the bottom-up approach is more man-centered than the classic top- bolt down approach which means the districts need to follow the guidelines and instructions of the central governance to develop. Also, the voices of the citizens heap be listened during the policy making and planning of the future learning of the districts. Decision making is faster and desperate and serious problems of districts could be alleviated or puzzle out in a shorter time.AR.UTTAM K.ROY (2009) had a research on westward Bengal in India and wrote a report called Integration of Top down and Bottom up approach in urban and Regional training West Bengal Experience of Draft Development Plans (DDP) and beyond. match to the report, West Bengal enacted the West Bengal Municipal Act in 1993 to decentraliz e spatial and socio-economic planning of unlike districts. Municipalities and municipal corporations are required to prepare the Draft Development Plans of atomic number 23 years. AR.UTTAM K.ROY (2009) found that DDP could actually involve flock in the problem identification, prioritization and establishment of the plan and desperate and serious urban problems faced by the people were alleviated.Besides, Bottom-up approach could reduce the burden of the central government and more central resources could be rehearsed for macro-economic development. As mentioned by P.K. Mohanty(1999),the Director of Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment of New Delhi in India, in a watchword chapter, Decentralization Reforms and Innovations in Municipal Management in India, Decentralization, if pursued properly, is probable to yield various benefits, including..freeing of central resources for macroeconomic extend tos much(prenominal) as stabilization, morphologic adjustment ,and poverty a lleviation.On the district level, local resources could be use and allocated better. Thus, the efficiency of service deli actually could be improved. Also, as citizens have a greater chance to involve in urban planning and decisiveness of policies, grass-root democracy could be promoted. As their opinions could be listened and accepted and social problems could be solved, social stability can as well be heightend. Stable and sedate troupe benefits the development of local economy.However, such planning approach also has some disadvantages. Firstly, some semipermanent planning cannot be gaunt up sometimes. When local people can get convoluted in urban policy making, they may only focus on the issues related to the nimble needs of citizens. According to the book Planning from the bottom up scripted by professor Anirban buddy(2008)of Delft University of Technology and the repor by AR.UTTAM K.ROY(2009)cities which used the bottom-up approach, the local planning organizations or committees like the districts in West Bengal in India can seldom come up with the development projects for future residential emersion or future spatial land use plans. And small graduated table projects like opening up of green space, creation of health centers, beautification of place remain the majority of the work of the local committees and organizations. Therefore, some professionals doubt that whether the bottom-up approach is a good urban planning rule for cities sustainable development or not. In fact, the lack of long-term plan of the development of the city and spatial land use plans would make the land use pattern of the cities become chaotic, raising other kinds of social problems and hindering the long-term development of the cities.Secondly, the bottom-up approach can lead to competitions in the midst of diametric districts within cities which can result in social instability. Professor Anirban Pal (2008) used Beijing, the capital of China, as an example in hi s book Planning from the bottom up. Different districts in Beijing are now hard to carry out different policies to raise their own attractiveness for overseas investments. The district level governments compete in carrying out widespread service and forced evictions. This has led to social unrest in Beijing. Therefore, it can be seen that bottom-up approach may lead to social instability if district level governments are too ambitious.Thirdly, the process of planning would not be truly bottom-up if the local district power is concentrated in the hands of one political organization and there are some channels for the local citizens to get involved in the planning process. much(prenominal) problem can be found in Kolkata according to V.Ramaswamy. The regnant ships company in Kolkata has great power and high social stead and thus there is no effective opposition to it. And the control party control the urban policy making and planning and local citizens do not have so much chan ce to get involved in the planning process .In this case, the process of planning is not sincerely bottom-up to a large extent. This also shows that the planning organizations should be self-sustaining of the ruling parties. If not, the bottom-up approach can never be really effective.Moreover, there is a problem of lack of expertise in LDCs. It is not uncommon that citizens of LDCs do not hold a high upbringing level. Although local citizens have the rights in planning the development and the land uses of the cities, close to of them do not have the professional knowledge in the force field of urban planning and urban policy. Just like in India the pedagogy level is low, more than 140,000,000 people do not have chief(a) educational level and only about 400,000 people have have tertiary education level. Therefore , it is very difficult to guarantee the plans drawn up by the local organizations without expertise are long-term plans which can benefit the growth and development of the cities. The local groups may only concern about the immediate needs of the local people, neglecting environmental conservation and long-term socio-economic development.From the above, it can be seen that the bottom-up approach also has certain limitations and such approach may even harms the long-term development of the cities in LDCs. However, it is very obvious that the urban problems faced by citizens in LDCs cannot be solved easily by the traditional top-down approach as the central government may focus on the development of whole domain rather than district issues and it is very hard for the central government to bonk every district issues. Thus, it seems the bottom-up approach is the most effective method to solve the immediate issues in the districts and satisfy the needs of the local people. Furthermore, if the local immediate problems like poverty, poor living environment could not be solved, the development of whole country would be hindered.To put it simply, the bottom-up approach is a good urban planning method for LDCs when tackling the urban problems in the districts but not so beneficial for hike up development. In order to compass sustainable development, cities of LDCs should adopt an approach which consists the elements of Top-down approach and bottom-up approach .This means the government can set up general guidelines and instructions for the districts to follow while granting them enough freedom and resources in tackling local affairs and drawing up plans of future development. Also, Kurian Joseph, R. Nagendran (2007) and Kumar. SA jay (2007) recommended in their papers, Top-Down And bottom-up Approach For Sustainability Of Waste Management In Developing Countries and Participatory spacial Planning A Model from Kollam District, espectively that groups of multi skill professional should engage in the process of planning and tackling urban problems. In fact, tackling issues like environmental problems especially needs the engagem ent of the professionals.Whats more, in order to facilitate the urban planning process, the central government should enact laws to restrict the participation of politicians like members of ruling parties and government officials in local urban planning, educate the public and raise their awareness on the urban problems around them and start introduce the apprehension of sustainable development to the communities.For the general development of whole country, central government should monitor the development of different districts and avoid vicious competition between the districts which may lead to social unrest. When vicious competition emerges, central government should intervene in order to make the political scene and society stable. However, it should be noted that the state government should not intervene so much if there is no vicious competition between cities. According to the paper which is called Vision 2021 Urban Governance in India by Dinesh Mehta(1999),the state gover nment should intervene as little as possible if the cities develop in a right way.All in all, the bottom-up approach is a good urban planning method which can really address the problems faced by the local citizens of LDCs. But the classic Top-down approach still cannot be forgotten as it is good for cities further development. Therefore, an approach which integrates both approaches would be a suitable way for cities of LCDs to achieve sustainable development.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - The Language of Chaucer Essay -- Canterbu

The wrangle of Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales With careful study, the wording of Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales is usually clarified and locomoteless as the beautiful verse narrative it is. There is, however, the common worry that comes when one is unable to comprehend it in affectionateness English becoming to coherently study it. The question has been raised as to whether it might be more useful to study a translated version of the poem so that it rotter be understood on first reading. The main worry with this idea is that in nearly every translation, the great beauty of the language is lost in translation, thus subtracting a great deal of the poems world-beater and charm. Some point out, however, is required to make it accessible for the average reader. Therefore, the best resolving is moderation between translation and language which captures the beauty in a manageable form. Such a form is presented in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, from which can b e pulled the following four lines Whan that April with his showres soote The droughte of March hath perced to the roote, And bathed every veine in swich licour, Of which vertu engendred is the flowr (ll. 1-4) The above is a mix of the veritable spelling with some gloss (in side nones) and spelling translations meant to aide in reading, but not transfigure the poem completely. With relatively little study in the pronunciation of Middle English, most readers could understand and read aloud the poem with its intended lyricism. afterwards some getting used to, it reads almost smoothly, and with concentration is certainly coherent. In the original manuscript, the reading is difficult enough that coherency is less feasible. The original spe... ... pick up the themes, true, but in reality they are all half of the Chaucer experience. While there are a variety of late translations which completely reorient The Canterbury Tales for todays readers, most fall short in expressing the weighty control that Chaucer had over his native language. Changes can be made to his textbook if we want to understand it, but the best of these modifications interferes little or not at all with the authentic reading this way the rich sound of the original is maintained and upheld. Bibliography Brewer, Derek. Tradition and Innovation in Chaucer. London Macmillan, 1982. Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Pp. 3-328. In the Riverside Chaucer. Larry D. Benson, ed. Boston Houghton, 1987. Delasanta, Rodney. Language and The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer Review 31.3 (1997), 209-231.

Life Is But A Choice Essays -- essays research papers

Life Is But A ChoiceBeginning with the time of have until the time of death, people have tomake choices everyday on how to earn the goals in their lives. One canimagine life as a long winding road with millions of different roads branching pipin more directions. The only problem is that life is too footling to explore everysingle road. In addition, the essence of time go forth not allow any unrivaled to go backto a road that was passed. Everyone essential choose his/her own roads through liferegardless of what other people might think. Robert Frost wrote in The Road NotTaken, " I took the one less traveled by And that has made all the departure"(Frost 423). By managing ones time efficiently and making clear rationalchoices, one can achieve a healthy mind, body and spirit.     One of import choice in life is having a healthy mind. The key toachieving a healthy mind is to be open minded. Since the day we atomic number 18 born, weare bombarded wit h information from television, radios, books, magazines, andwhat we observe personally. The world is filled with a vast enumerate ofinformation and each individual is responsible for obtaining, understanding, andmaking value judgments on this information. One must understand the world aroundhim before he can understand himself. Making the choice of obtaining a collegeeducation is highly important in the world today. There are so manydifferent areas which ro choose. Each individual must find w...

Essay --

bloody shame Wollst onenesscraft Shelley was born in Somers Town on August 30th of 1797 in London, England. Shortly after her birth her mother died due to puerperal fever, leave her father William Goodwin to care for her and her three year ageing half-sister Fanny Imlay. Elanor Ty said, bloody shame became his favorite child. He called her pretty little bloody shame and relished evidence of her high quality over Fanny. At the age of seventeen Mary had her starting line blood with a man known as Percy Bysshe Shelley who ulterior became her husband. On a cold stormy night in 1816 Percy and Mary spent their clip reading about ghost stories and which later prompted Mary to write her first sketch of what is known as today as Frankenstein or The in advance(p) Prometheus. At a very young age Mary was fend for up by her father to write. She really grew such a interest in writing, by the time she was nineteen years old she was finished one of the most famous sassys ever publi shed known as Frankenstein. Mary wrote a total of six other novels including the most famous novel today Frankenstein. Frankenstein still thrills people of all descents young and old with its suspense. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelly analyzes how maestro Frankenstein creates a heavyweight but in doing so the only real whale he created was himself. Early in the moderate master key talks about his early childhood and how Elizabeth had gotten adopted in to his family. Frankenstein was four years old when Elizabeths mother died. She was soon adopted into the Frankenstein family. Victors mother thought that one day Elizabeth and Victor should unify one day. Victor and Elizabeth grew up as best friends. He to a fault met a new school mate friend named Henry Clerval. Victor spent his childhood happily with his two good f... ...became obsessed with his studies. He became very ill and created a monster. He then was nursed back to health and was getting better by his friend Henry. Just as you thought everything was getting better terror struck again. He confounded his brother William to the monster. By creating this monster Victor became the monster himself. When he created the monster it killed his brother William, which led to the execution of his friend Justine. The monster later killed his old school mate Henry Clerval, and the love of his life Elizabeth which days later caused the death of his Father. Everyone around him that he loved was dying. The monster knew no better, the monster was lonely and had no place to go so it took revenge in Victor, and everything he loved. Victor was the real monster here by creating one. By creating the monster it caused much devastation throughout his life.

M.C. Escher :: essays research papers

The Dutch artist Maurits C. Escher (1898-1972) was a draftsman, book illustrator, tapestry designer, and muralist, but his primary lean was as a printmaker. Born in Leeuwarden, Holland, the son of a civilized engineer, Escher spent most of his childhood in Arnhem. Aspiring to be an architect, Escher enrolled in the School for Architecture and Decorative Arts in Harlem. dapple perusal there from 1919 to 1922, his emphasis shifted from computer architecture to drawing and printmaking upon the encouragement of his teacher Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita. In 1924 Escher married Jetta Umiker, and the couple settled in Rome to raise a family. They resided in Italy until 1935, when growing political turmoil forced them to move primary to Switzerland, then to Belgium. In 1941, with World War II under focus and German troops occupying Brussels, Escher returned to Holland and settled in Baarn, where he lived and worked until shortly forwards his death. The main subjects of Eschers early ar t are Rome and the Italian countryside. While living in Italy from 1922 to 1935, he spent the spring and summer months travel throughout the country to make drawings. Later, in his studio in Rome, Escher demonstrable these into prints. Whether depicting the winding roads of the Italian countryside, the dense architecture of nice hillside towns, or details of massive buildings in Rome, Escher often created enigmatic spacial effects by combining various -- often conflicting -- advantage points, for instance, looking up and down at the same time. He oft made such effects more dramatic through his sermon of light, using vivid contrasts of black and white.After Escher left Italy in 1935, his fire shifted from landscape to something he described as "mental imagery," often ground on theoretical premises. The lavish tile work adorning the Moorish architecture suggested new directions in the use of color and the flattened patterning of interlocking forms. alternate the abstr act patterns of Moorish tiles with recognizable figures, in the late 1930s Escher true "the regular division of the plane." The artist also used this concept in creating his Metamorphosis prints. Starting in the 1920s, the idea of "metamorphosis" -- one learn or object turning into something completely different -- became one of Eschers favourite themes. After 1935, Escher also increasingly explored complex architectural mazes involving perspective games and the histrionics of impossible spaces.

footprints new :: essays research papers

We every(prenominal) know the story of Footprints In The Sand, its been around for>> > > >a persistent time. The following is a new version of Footprints that I had> > > >not read before. I hope you enjoy it.> > > >> > > >FOOTPRINTS...A New Version> > > >Imagine you and the Lord deliverer argon offering down the road together.> > > >For much of the way, the Lords footprints go on steadily,> > > >consistently, rarely varying the pace. But your footprints are a> > > >disorganized swarm of zigzags, starts, stops, turnarounds, circles,> > > >departures, and returns.> > > >> > > >For much of the way, it seems to go like this, but gradually your> > > >footprints come more than in line with the Lords, soon paralleling His> > > >consistently. You and Jesus are walking as true friends> > > >> > > >This seems perfect, but then an interesting thing happens Your> > > >footprints that once etch the sand next to Jesus are now walking> > > >precisely in His steps. Inside His larger footprints are your smaller>> > > >ones, you and Jesus are proper one.> > > >> > > >This goes on for many miles, but gradually you notice another change.>> > > >The footprints within the large footprints seem to grow larger.> > > >Eventually they disappear altogether. There is wholly one set of> > > >footprints they have become one.> > > >> > > >This goes on for a long time, but suddenly the second set of> > > >footprints is back. This time it seems even worse Zigzags all over> > > >the place. Stops. Starts. Gashes in the sand. A variable mess of> > > >prints.> > > >> > > >You are amazed and shocked. Your dream ends.> > > >> > > >Now you pray "Lord, I understand the prototypal scene with zigzags end> > > >fits. I was a new Christian I was just learning. But You walked on> > > >through the storm and helped me learn to walk with You."> > > >> > > >"That is correct."> > > >> > > >"And when the smaller footprints were inside of Yours, I was actually>> > > >learning to walk in Your steps followed You very closely."> > > >> > > >"Very good.

Biography of Martin Luther King Jr. :: Martin Luther King Civil Rights Movement Essays

Biography of Martin Luther world-beater younger Martin Luther King, Jr., (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born Michael Luther King, Jr., but later had his name changed to Martin. His grand novice began the familys long raise as pastors of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, serving from 1914 to 1931 his father has served from then until the present, and from 1960 until his dying Martin Luther acted as co-pastor. Martin Luther attended segregated public shallows in Georgia, graduating from high school at the age of fifteen he received the B. A. degree in 1948 from Morehouse College, a distinguished Negro institution of Atlanta from which both his father and grandfather had been graduated. After three years of theological study at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania where he was elected president of a predominantly white senior class, he was awarded the B.D. in 1951. With a crime syndicate won at Crozer, he enrolled in graduate studies at capital of Massachusetts U niversity, completing his residence for the doctorate in 1953 and receiving the degree in 1955 In Boston he met and married Coretta Scott, a young woman of erratic intellectual and artistic attainments. Two sons and two daughters were born into the family.In 1954, Martin Luther King accepted the pastorale of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. forever a strong worker for civil rights for members of his race, King was, by this time, a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of slanting People, the leading organization of its kind in the nation. He was ready, then, early in December, 1955, to accept the leadership of the first great Negro nonviolent evidence of contemporary times in the United States, the bus ostracize depict by Gunnar Jahn in his presentation speech in honor of the laureate. The boycott lasted 382 days. On December 21, 1956, after the Supreme Court of the United States had state unconstitutional th e laws requiring segregation on buses, Negroes and whites rode the buses as equals. During these days of boycott, King was arrested, his sept was bombed, he was subjected to personal abuse, but at the same time he emerged as a Negro leader of the first rank.In 1957 he was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization organize to provide new leadership for the now burgeoning civil rights movement. The ideals for this organization he took from Christianity its operational techniques from Gandhi.

The Dual Meaning of Meaning :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

A primeval problem in the philosophy of language has been to find a federal agency to reconcile get-go someone authority about meaning with externalist theories of meaning. In other words, if meanings arent wholly in the head (the externalist thesis), then how do we condone the apparent authority we have about what our own utterances mean? In this paper, I will present one possible and, I believe, extremely plausible solution which will allow us to maintain that we do have first somebody authority with regard to the meanings of our utterances while free accepting the lessons that Twin Earth has taught us (that meanings are, at least in part, determined by the external world). Moreover, it is, I believe, a virtue of every philosophical theory that it remain as close to common nose out as analytical rigour will allow. Thus, it is advisable that one submit to approach philosophical questions as the layman still untainted by philosophy would approach them. This brand of common sense philosophy is what I shall act to use in providing an account of meaning. Let us begin, then, by examining first person authority. It seems preferably obvious to me that, should there be no successful reconciliation of first person authority with externalism, the former would defeat the latter in either theory of meaning. I do not say this just because it is extremely counter-intuitive to think that we dont generally have a go at it what we mean when we speak, rather it seems to me to be out(predicate) to deny that we have this knowledge not only do we know what we mean, but we know that we know what we mean. Though most philosophers recognise the patency of this fact, some11 maintain that it is in need of an explanation. This, I believe, is because they contract externalism as more than primitive than first person authority. What I mean is that these philosophers approach first person authority from the viewpoint of an already developed externalist theory. I suggest that, instead, we take the undeniability of first person authority as given and then attempt to provide a theory of meaning that preserves first person authority while accounting for the role of the external world in determining meaning. What exactly is it, then, of which we have this direct authoritative knowledge? And how, if at all, does it relate to the external world?

The Golden Apples Essay -- Literary Analysis, Welty

In Eudora Weltys novel, The Golden Apples, the author presents a combination of short stories to eliminate the readers an insight into the intricacies of human relationships. In doing so, in June Recital, Welty utilizes the separation technique, once again, to demote multiple statuss depending on the different time periods and characters. Moreover, by implementing the textual organize and significance of the MacLain bear from the Shower of Gold, the two stories, although abstract, have a ironlike bond and shargon similar significance to one another. As a result, with dense and detailed descriptions and vernacular languages, Welty succeeds in providing the reader with a cubic analysis of the events which occur in the June Recital. The separation of the composition into four sections and the practice session of line-breaks within each section contribute to the whole stage such(prenominal) that it provides different perspective and the combination which leads to ultimate und erstanding. In Shower of Gold, a preceding story of June Recital in The Golden Apples, the narrator provides the soil of Snowdie and King MacLain, and the incidents behind the MacLain house in Morgana, Mississippi. The house has gloomy background, as Snowdie MacLain has been left alone by King MacLain. Snowdie, therefore, was the talk of the town. As a result, the house has been the background for sorrow and loneliness in the past. Furthermore, the house was free of love and departures and arrivals were common. All of the above features and past histories of the MacLain house was passed on to Ms. Eckhart when she rented the house for her living and piano lessoning purposes. It is significant to recognize how although the two stories are separate in terms of... ...assie, is the grand finale of June Recital. As Loch dreamed coating to the surface, and his dreams were filled with color and a fury that the daytime that summer neer held and Cassie says aloud, Because a fire was in m y head (97). These two are important to recognize as Welty combines the two perspectives to create a completed description and portrayal. In conclusion, in June Recital, Welty successfully brings upon the themes of the past, social codes, and prejudice. The separation of stories in The Golden Apple, the separation of sections in June recital, the separation by the line-breaks, and the separation of perspective and narrative may lead to a haste conclusion that the story overall portrays separation. However, by introducing the two supplement and counterpart perspectives, Welty successfully combines the story to bring about a unified message.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry :: essays research papers

In The Adventures of huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, huckaback considers himself to be an ignorant fool, and an all over all bad person that should be looked down upon. However, through forth his story, without ever realizing it, Huck submits to live through some another(prenominal) incredible advetures, and locate unselfish acts that would consider him to be a true hero. It could even be taken to the extent that Huck Finn lived a more down to dry land version of Homers Odyssey. After all, they are both stories of a reliable person going through the biggest dangerous undertakings of their lives, piece facing veritable types of monsters, while using their cleverness in order to bleed many obstacles. Tho only main difference in this is the point that while Odysseus faced more mythical challenges, Huck braved through the challenges of his modern society, and the types of multitude in it. But even so, one could easily say that Huckleberry Finn make almost the exact same journey as Odysseus, with a or so modern twist added to it. To start, both characters have closeings behind their journeys as to wherefore they start it. Odysseus began his sea bound adventure because of the fact that he was allowed his exemption from Calypso, who has been holding him captive in hopes of turning him into her husband. So Odysseus is allowed to set mainsheet back to his homeland. Huck set out his adventure because he was attempting to escape from his drunken Pap, who was holding him captive in order to get money. Huck manages to escape on a raft, and set sail. At the end of Hucks adventure, he does in fact end up in what will be his home. The two scenarios are similar for many reasons. For example, both Huck and Odysseus are being held captive for one reason or another. Calypso wanting Odysseus for a husband is just corresponding Pap wanting Huck for his money. To add on to this point, both of them manage to escape throught the use of a raft. The only difference there is the fact that Odysseus is setting sail through the seas, while Huck takes on his adventure through the Mississsippi River. Next in comparison between the two stories would be the use of monsters used throught out the adventures. In The Odyssey, Odysseus is forced into fights and challenges that largely deal with monsters, such as the Cyclops, which is a giant, single red eyed savage with the body of a human.

Frankenstein: Who is the victim? :: essays research papers

In Frankenstein, the addict and victor are both put through many dispirit and hurtful situations. I think that the monster was the true victim. He was rejected by eeryone he came across from the day he entered animateness. His motive was neer there to teach him right from wrong or responsibility. And also, the monsters soon-to-be wife was killed forrader his eyes. These agonies are what make the monster more of a victim than succeeder Frankenstein does.From the beginning, the monster was abandoned by his creator victor, the only man hes ever had a relationship with. He was made eight feet tall and really grotesque. At first sight, his creator rejects him. The monster tries to integrate himself into society, only to be shunned universally. When the creature goes to the village, he is attacked because of his horrifying appearance. He assists a group of little peasants and saves a girl from drowning, but because of his outward looks, he is rewarded only with beatings and d isgust. The monster is left to live his life with no help from his creator afterwards being abandoned. While having the mind of a newborn, this is not easy for him. By not knowing right from wrong, he murdered Victors loved ones in order to get attention. He never had anyone to teach him how to live life with dignity and respect. This is a major loss for a living being. The creator is at fault here because the monster does not know better. Victor should have taken responsibility by accepting, raising, and controlling the monster. After Victor destroys his work on the female monster meant to ease the monsters solitude, the monster is subjugate with suffering and sadness. These feelings affected his state of mind and caused him to do wrong things. He did not deserve to see his one and only mate be destroyed.

Proctor & Gamble Essay -- Business Management Analysis Essays

Proctor & pretend Founded in 1837, Procter & Gamble is the 1 U.S. makers of phratry products and a recognized leader in the development, manufacturing, and marketing of a large range of products including Crest toothpaste, Tide laundry detergent, Ivory soap, Pampers diapers, and Dawn molten detergent. Procter & Gamble has operations in over 70 countries and employs over 100,000 state worldwide and markets to nearly five billion customers in over cxl countries. Procter & Gamble?s purpose or mission statement states only why Procter & Gamble is so driven in providing quality products and function to consumers all over the world. Procter & Gamble?s purpose is as follows?We leave behind provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world?s consumers. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, profit and value creation, allowing our people, our shargonholders, and the communities in which we live and work to p revail www.pg.com/jobs/ participation_ purification/purpose.jhtml.?Procter & Gamble?s troupe culture, think globally, act globally, focuses on a variety of core values leadership, ownership, integrity, passion for winning, and trust. Procter & Gamble works swell with the national cultures of Italy and Japan because Procter & Gamble thrives on form. Everyone at Procter & Gamble is linked through Procter & Gamble?s values and goals. Procter & Gamble is such a giant in the household industry. The company sees diversity as advantage. Procter & Gamble?s diversity covers a broad range of characteristics, such as race, sex, personal, religion, cultural heritage, etc. Within the company, Procter & Gamble creates an advantage from their differences. Outside Procter & Gamble, the company is very sensitive to other national cultures because of their unique culture order within.Every company has its own unique culture. Most organizations don?t deliberately try and create a culture. The cult ure of an organization is created unconsciously, found on the values of top management. Procter & Gamble?s principles are derived from the company?s Purpose and Values. The core principles of the company are?We Show complaisance for All Individuals ?The Interests of the Company and the Individual are Inseparable?We are strategically Focused in Our Work?Innovation is th... ...octer & Gamble needs to set up changes that will help them become faster. A better public bodied image of Procter & Gamble could also raise awareness that Procter & Gamble is domicile to galore(postnominal) household products, even those environmentally safe. The recent Dawn commercial is a great example. Dawn is used to clean off petroleum spill animal victims. The general public is not aware of many of the products Procter & Gamble market and produce. Better advertising would be beneficial.Procter & Gamble uses their diversity successfully as a global company. The people that work for them are their grea test asset. Procter & Gamble believes tat it is important to develop and support a diverse workplace. Now the company needs to broaden its corporate culture outside of the United States more than it has in the past for continues future success.References1). www.cyborlink.com/besite/hofstede.htm2). www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_italy.shtml3). www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_japan.shtml4) www.geert-hofestede.com/hofstede_united_states.shtml5). www.pg.com/jobs/company_culture/core-values.jhtml6). www.pg.com/jobs/company_culture/purpose.jhtml7). www.uvt.nl/ entanglement/iric/hofstede.htm

Confessions Essay -- essays research papers

Augustine titled his deeply philosophical and theological autobiography Confessions to implicate two aspects of the form the work would take. To confess, in Augustines time, meant some(prenominal) to give an account of unitys faults to God and to praise God (to speak ones get by for God). These two aims come together in the Confessions in an elegant only if complex sense Augustine narrates his ascent from sinfulness to faithfulness not simply for the practical edification of his readers, but also because he believes that narrative to be itself a story of Gods greatness and of the fundamental love all things maintain for Him. Thus, in the Confessions form equals content to a large degree&151the inseparable form for Augustines story of redemption to take would be a fill address to God, since it is God who must be thanked for such redemption. (That said, a straightaway address to God was a highly original form for Augustine to withdraw used at the time). This idea should also help us transform the app arently lopsided and unusual structure of the text. The first nine Books of the Confessions are devoted to the story of Augustines life up to his mothers death, but the last quaternity Books make a sudden, lengthy departure into pure theology and philosophy. This turn on should be understood in the same context as the divalent meaning of confessions&151for Augustine, the story of his sinful life and redemption is in concomitant a profoundly philosophical and religious matter, since his story is only one exampl...

If You Don’t Want Them To Know Something, Put In A Book, They’ll Never Read It! :: Personal Narrative Writing

If You Dont Want Them To Know Something, Put In A Book, Theyll Never Read ItIf you dont want them to live on something, put it in a book, theyll never read it. This was a utter that was widely during and after desegregation of the schools, and as I know is hushed being used today, to display the ignorance and lack of knowledge of African-Americans. The sad point is that it is true. If it doesnt come across the television or radio, then nearly battalion dont know what is going on. Most people that I know watches television rather than go to school. As an African-American, it was actually important for me to learn to read, write, and obtain a quality education. Its fearful to see the carelessness that many people take toward getting a good education. Many of my ancestors lost their lives for just wanting to read and write, notwithstanding now that African-Americans have the hazard to do these things, hardly any whizz takes advantage of it. For me, as an African-American, edu cation is extremely important because many affluent people worry Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Mary McCloud Bethune, and Linda Brown, fought tooth and nail and lost much of their blood, sweat, and tears to guarantee that we were properly educated. Over the years I have adopted a slogan, If its free, its for me. Although public education is free today, someone no doubt lost his or her life for me to sit in a classroom to learn. I try to take advantage of every opportunity I get to read and write because I can never learn too much. I was raised in the north difference of Hartford, Connecticut. I wouldnt say that the city was impoverished, but it was far from perfect. It was alike to most northern big cities, rampant with drugs, violence, and crime. In just one week there could have been anywhere from 10-15 burglaries, which probably accounted for the degree to which owners were protecting(prenominal) of their businesses. When I passed most stores at night or after their determinat ion times, I saw that they were guarded with security doors and steel bars on the windows. But for as long as I can remember, Ive never seen any bars or security doors protecting the libraries, which goes to quiz the point that If you dont want them to know something, put it in a book, theyll never read it.

The Philosophical and Scientific Methods of René Descartes :: Biography Biographies

The Philosophical and Scientific Methods of Ren Descartes Ren Descartes (1596 1650) is one of the most widely cognize philosophers in history and he is frequently discussed as an inventor of the redbrick scientific method. Rene Descartes was born on March 31, 1596, in La Haye of Touraine. He came from a wealthy family, and thus did not have any square financial worries. At age ten, his father sent him to the College Henri IV at La Fleche. This was a newly established Jesuit school, which was considered one of the dress hat in Europe in terms of academic quality. Although Descartes appreciated what he was taught in mathematics, he was nonetheless discontent with the scholastic teaching he received from that school (Cress, 1993). Scholasticism was a teaching based on the doctrines of Aristotle and the Christian church. Followers of scholasticism often looked upon Aristotles work and the teachings of the church as authoritative figures. Indeed, much of their activity con sisted in carefully scrutinizing the classical plant life of Aristotle in an attempt to resolve any contradictions between his works and the doctrines of the church. One of the reasons why Descartes was dissatisfied with Aristotelian-Scholasticism was because of the circular arguments it offered in explaining natural phenomena. For example, Aristotles argument that it is in the nature of earthly matter to fall shore towards the Earth was to Descartes not an explanation, but rather only a exposition of what was happening. Furthermore, Descartes argues that terms used in scholasticism such as oppressiveness and gravity were not clearly understood. Thus, Descartes then proposed to do away with the foundations of scholasticism and start again from the first (Cottingham, 1986). Descartes dissatisfaction with scholasticism and his interest in beginning with new foundations of know leadge reflect the historical-scientific context of his time. Prior to the seventeenth century, m ediaeval ideas had predominated. These ideas included the necessity to resurrect ancient knowledge, and to discourage innovations. By the seventeenth century, the idea that modern men could be wiser than the ancients was stimulated by the likes of Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon. However, Bacon and Descartes led two distinct schools of thought in regard to how one should watch the acquisition of knowledge. While Descartes favored a more rational and conjectural approach, Bacon favored an empirical and practical approach.