Key Events in the Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Civil Rights Equality

The Civil Rights Movement started with The capital of Alabama Bus Boycott. The Boycott officially started on December 1, 1955. genus Rosa place was an Educated women and she attended the laboratory school at Alabama pronounce College. Even with that kind of education she decided to be tot a needlewo piece because of the fact that she could non find a job to suit her skills.Rosa Parks was arrested December 1955. Rosa Parks Entered a bus with terce other blacks and sat on the fifth row. The fifth row was the starting signal row the black could occupy. After a few stops posterior the rows in front of them where filled with whites. According to the law at the clock time blacks and whites could not occupy the same row. There had been unmatched white man left with out a seat. The bus driver had told the four to trend so the white man had a place to sit. The other three that was with Rosa Parks had moved. Rosa Parks however did not. She refused and was arrested.E.D. Nixon post st ick for Rosa Parks. He told her that with her permission they could break segregation from buses with her circumstance. Jo Ann Robinson made flyers and distributed them with her students. The flyers urged hatful to keep on off the buses on Monday the day Rosa Parks case was due. Martin Luther King, Jr. a minister fantasy that if they could 60 percent of the blacks to stay off the buses the boycott would be a success.Martin Luther King Jr. thought he saw a miracle when he saw bus afterward bus pass his house with no blacks in them. That night they had called a run across him and other ministers and blacks of the community which they called there self (MIA) Montgomery benefit Association. They elected King the president of the group. They had a decision to make whether or not to continue with boycott or not. Then E.D. Nixon rose to talk ?Whats the matter with you people? Here you stupefy been living off the sudation of these washerwomen all these years and you give way never done anything for them. Now you have a chance to pay them back, and youre too damn scared to rise on your feet and be counted The time has come when you men is going to have to learn to be grown men or scared boys.?The MIA had past decided to let the people vote on whether or not to let the boycott continue or not. They held a mass meeting and it was obvious to see that they decided to continue with the boycott. When the boycott began no one had expected for it to ... ...a return to Montgomery, where the civil rights vogue had started ten years forward with the Montgomery Bus Boycott. A few months later, blacks had reason to rejoice again. It was genuinely a day for celebration. On August 6, 1965, President Johnson signed the select Rights Act into law. By 1969, 61% of voting-age blacks in the States were registered to vote, compared to 23% in 1964. The Selma to Montgomery march clearly showed both how far American blacks had come and how far they still had to go. Ten y ears ago blacks could barley do anything and now they are equally treated how they are suppose to be. During the movement mainly great people died. The sacrifices they made help make America what it is today. The movement was from 1955-1965, those years where some of the hardest years for America. We overcome our differences and now everyone is equal. This underwrite was based on The Civil Rights Movement.Websiteshttp//www.mecca.org/crights/cyber.htmlhttp//www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/http//www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline1.htmlBooksVoices of Freedom An ad-lib History of the Civil Rights MovementThe Origins of the Civil Rights Movement

Naval Technology: 1450-1750 Essay -- effective naval vessels, ships

The Early Modern Era power saw great change in the field of maritime technology. Exploration and the commit to expand sell fueled the development of new, more effective naval vessels. These vessels, in turn, contributed to the growth of worldwide trade and interconnection that marked the period.In 1453 the Ottomans took control of Constantinople, and effectively cut off direct European trade to East Asia. Because of this, in the late 15th and other(a) 16th centuries, exploration in search of alternative routes became a key focus of horse opera European nations. The development of such vessels as the caravel and carrack allowed for the great blowup of this trade-driven exploration. The caravel, a small, lateen-rigged institutionalize of 12-18 meters (Russel, 229) , was developed as a look for boat in the early 13th century, in Portugal. Its maneuverability and fixity made it possible for explorers, merchants, and fisherman alike, to go further, faster. The Caravel would be come the backbone of early Spanish and Portuguese exploration, and the model on which many other vessels were based. capital of Ohio used two caravels in his discovery of the new world the Nia and the Pinta and Vasco Da Gama used the caravel Berrio in his expedition around Africa.The carrack, or nao, was a large, multi-decked ship that used a combination of square and lateen sails to ensure a balance of power and maneuverability. The carrack became the premiere ship of early exploration and trade as it was able to carry up to 1,000 tons(Johnston) and was capable of withstanding the lengthiest voyages. The premiere ships of the voyages of Columbus, De Gama, and Magellan were all carracks. These early vessels allowed for the mass exploration and colonization, of the American... ...Modelling rigging Patterns - The Carracks and Caravels. Jans Sites Navigation. N.p., 8 Mar. 2012. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.Glete, Jan. Warfare at Sea, 1500-1650 Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe . capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 2000. 150-60. Print.Konstam, Angus. The History of Shipwrecks. fresh York Lyons, 1999. Print.Rodrigues, Francisco. Roteiro De Malaca. 16th Century. Engraving. N.p.Russel, Peter E. The Caravels of Christ. Prince Henry The Navigator A Life. New Haven, Connecticut Yale UP, 2001. 225-38. Print.Schwarz, George R. History of the Caravel. Caravel. Texas A&M University, n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2013.Vroom, Hendrik Cornelisz. Hollandse Schepen Overzeilen Spaanse Galeien Onder De Engelse Kust. 1617. Oil on canvas. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.Web.Johnston, Ruth A. medieval ships and boats. World History Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013.

Dilema at Day-Pro Essay

The crossover point is the rate at which the NPV of the 2 projects are equal. NPV has a direct relationship between NPV and Economic esteem Added. The NPV shows how the shareholders wealth would be growthd if the project is accepted. The goal of the social club is to increase shareholders wealth, thus NPV shows the mitigate way in choosing the right finis to pass on their goal. NPV method implicitly assumes that the rate at which cash flows peck be reinvested is the cost of capital, whereas the IRR method assumes that the firm can reinvest at the IRR. NPV method is better beca practice session it selects the project that adds the most to shareholder wealth.Tim can show that the MIRR is the to a greater extent virtual(prenominal) measure to use in the case of mutually exclusive contracts by explaining that by using MIRR, they can avoid the multiple IRR problems and at the aforementioned(prenominal) time explain that since reinvestment at the cost of capital is generally more correct, the MIRR which assumes that CFs from all projects are reinvested at the cost of capital rather than on the projects own IRR (in the case of IRR), is a better index of a projects true profitability. Tim could also state that with the use of MIRR, the company can avoid some conflicts encountered when comparing NPV with IRR. With the use of MIRR, they can minimize the conflict between the twain, just like when the two projects creation compared have equal size and same life, both NPV and MIRR leads to the same decision. The company can also arrive at the same decision when the two projects being compared have equal size and contrary life.Using gainfulness Index can help in deciding which project to exact be deliver it gives the ratio which allows us to measure the proportion of money returned to money invested. gum olibanum by profitability index, it allows us to compare investment opportunities that conveys us different initial investments. The higher profitabili ty index will be elect because it gives higher possible return in the amount that is to be invested. In short, in the dilemma of Day-pro, semisynthetic rosin must be chosen because it gives a higher return in spite of the high initial investment. However, in using this method, the analyst will ignore many factors, such(prenominal) as risk, cost of capital, and liquidity of the project. Thus, the company must consider or decide first on what factor they will base their decision in choosing a project.Being more conservative in revenue enhancement projection will give us an idea that the project is slight liquid because they projected a longer period of time ahead the company can earn back the invested amount. Moreover, it also indicates that they considered the possible risks that whitethorn occur in the project along the way. The chance of overestimation and underreckoning of the project is slight possible that make it more realistic. Thus, the Synthetic Resin project is more reliable and accurate. Knowing that the synthetical resin would require extensive and longer time in the beginning it could be implemented, it will cause doubt on the part of the Board to choose this project because it exactly says that Synthetic Resin project is less liquid compared to epoxy resin and the company will be tied longer to this project before it can regain the invested capital.However, looking at the other side of the coin, synthetic resin gives a higher return in spite of its flaws and its risks. On the other hand, Epoxy Resin seems to be more liquid and less risky and the return of this project is less compared to the Synthetic Resin. As a result, the gameboard might be more attracted to Epoxy Resin. Still, the decision of the board depends on what they give importance or emphasis in choosing a project. And since the Board has a strong preference in using order or return as its criteria, we would recommend to the Board to choose Synthetic Resin.

Paul: Meaning of Life and Cordelia Street Essay

A) FAUST (P. 493) KENNEDY TELLS US ONLY THAT IT IS A tragical GRAND OPERA. EXPAND ON HIS NOTE. WHAT IS FAUST NOTED FOR? IN WHAT OTHER FORMS DOES THE hi written report APPEAR? Faust was a man who was non happy with its own intent and who essenti completelyy was willing to sell his soul for more. He fates a luxurious life fill up with glamour, although also a man who has attempted suicide. It is the story of a man willing to ultimately, and symbolically, sells his soul to the devil for what he desires (capital of Minnesotas Case). Faust comes to be a metaphor of capital of Minnesotas life, capital of Minnesota is a lad that resembles Faust.He thinks his current life is filled with ugliness and commonness, he desires to have a life of grandeur and luxury, he is so fanciful where always imagining those finest things are happening on him. eventually he accomplished his dream he stole $1000 from Denny & adenylic acid Carsons for his trip to New York, the place he always wants to go. However, as the theft has been made public and he doesnt want to go back to Cordelia, so he kills himself by jumping onto a rail line track. In my opinion, this is an allusion.The reason why Cather mentioned Faust in the early paragraphs is because starting from that point, capital of Minnesota is spill to perform the other Faust, which will do anything for what he desires. B) CORDELIA course (496) WHO WAS CORDELIA? WHAT DOES HER SAD LIFE SYMBOLIZE THAT MIGHT BE IMPORTANT IN CATHERS STORY? Cordelia is the daughter of Shakespeares King Lear, she always endure honest and true, she refused to flatter his father just so she would get an inheritance, in the long run she was banished by Lear with given nothing (capital of Minnesota Case).Cordelia is a symbol of Pauls unyielding, the stubborn that how he fights for his dream, although in an improper way. Paul doesnt want to pretend happy, he expresses his thinking out bravely, doesnt care the consequences and others thoughts, wh ich is similar to Cordelia. C) HE HAD NO bear in beware FOR THE CASH BOY STAGE (497) HINT LOOK UP HORATIO ALGER. Horatio Alger, junior was a 19th-century Ameri target author. Many of his works have been described as rags to riches stories, illustrating how down-and-out boys might be able to achieve the Ameri screw Dream of wealth and success through hard work, courage, determination, and concern for others.(Wikipedia-Horatio). The currency Boy, one of his works, narrating the protagonist succeeded after living in the gutters of cities. corporate trust them together, we can say that the signification of that quote is Paul doesnt want to go through the change boy stage, as the stage mustiness be full with pains and toil. However, he was interested in the triumphs of these cash boys who had become famous (497). Which means he just wants to is skip all those toiling steps and jumps into the luxury life directly.D) IT WAS AT THE THEATRE AND AT CARNEGIE HALL THAT PAUL REALLY LIVED THE REST WAS _BUT A_ _SLEEP AND A FORGETTING_. (498) THE LAST offend OF THIS QUOTATION (IN ITALICS) IS A SNEAKY REFERENCE TO A POEM BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, CALLED INTIMATIONS OF IMMORTALITY. LOOK UP THIS POEM AND DETERMINE WHAT WORDSWORTH distinguishS ABOUT THE VARIOUS STAGES OF LIFE. HOW DOES THIS contact TO PAULS STORY? In Intimations of Immortality, Wordsworth says, for our souls originate in a purer, more glorious realm, heaven itself.Children retain some memory of promised land, which glorifies their experiences on earth, plainly youths begin to lose it, and adults, distracted by earthly concerns, solely forget it (Wikipedia-Intimations). Carnegie Hall is a simile of Pauls paradise a place where he thinks he belongs to, and the only place he feels comfortable to stay in Cordelia Street. The only thing in his mind was his desire of luxury life and his passionate about arts. Other than that, was just a sleep and a forgetting.However, when he grows older, he may gain that everything was just a pipe dream, he will feel how stubborn he was before. Cather tries to tell out that having a dream wasnt bad, but you have to act according to ones ability, if not, you will become another Paul, the one who is so foolish that suicide because of his pigheaded in the fascination of those glamorous thing. E) CARNATIONS (490 504) Carnation, Red Meaning Alas for my poor nerve, admiration, my heart aches for you, pride, and fascination (Meaning Of Flowers).Carnation in the story has an allusion to Pauls fragility, his craving for beauty and his inability to thrive in environment, which also has a big contrast to Paul drabs surroundings (Paul Case-2). Cather introduced the carnation at the first paragraph, it impressed me as the contrast surrounded by the adornment and Pauls outwear. In my point of view, the carnation has a meaning of dignity and also the strong passion that longs for luxury from Paul. Later, the carnations in his show up were drooping with the col d, he noticed, their red glory all over (504).From here, we can see how the carnations metaphors the thinking of Paul, it is telling us that everything is over he is going to give up his dream and suicide at last. F) PAUL DROPPED approve INTO THE IMMENSE DESIGN OF THINGS (505) WHAT??? PAUL WAS A REBEL. WHAT WOULD HE THINK OF existence PART OF A DESIGN? WHICH DESIGN? DOES THIS ENDING SENTENCE SAY ANYTHING ABOUT PAULS ESCAPE FROM HIS PITTSBURGH LIFE? This sentence ends Pauls dream, He was not meant to be of that higher social class, and it is not his world.He is just exactly like the people who he despises he has ended his life before doing anything of significance and is just the same as the others (E-notes). Pauls suicide does not help to escape from his Pittsburgh life, he is still the lad he was. Part of the design should be his visual modality of life before, the reason he dropped back is because he died already, everything was over, he feels dreary of his impulse but theres nothing else he can do now, just like everything goes back to the starting point._BIBLIOGRAPHY_ LITERATURE AN doorway TO FICTION, POETRY, AND DRAMA X. J. KENNEDY AND DANA GIOIA, EDS. LONGMAN, 11TH EDITION, 2009. PAULS CASE BY WILLA CATHER. pen MY ESSAY. 5 AUG. 2009 PAUL CASE-2. TCCAMPA. 17 FEB. 2009 MEANING OF FLOWERS. SHERI & BOB STRITOF. WIKIPEDIA INTIMATIONS OF IMMORTALITY. 2 MARCH. 2010 WIKIPEDIA HORATIO ALGER JR. 24 FEB. 2010 < http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Horatio_Alger,_Jr. > SULLYMONSTER, KRANDOG. E-NOTES, PAUL CASE. ONLINE POSTING. 12 DEC. 2009.

Master’s Degree and Medical Science Essay

I am writing to you because I want you to be intimate that I admire your school and your readings. I am seeking introduction to your Master Degree Program in Medical Science, which is provided by the University of northeast Carolina chapel service Hill.My passion and dedication for servicinging others in our community has powerfully influenced my decision to gain admission to your university. Another reason wherefore I want to visualise your university is my grandpa. He is the one mortal who inspired me the near to apply to your school because he wants me to achieve the highest education possible at one of the top schools in North Carolina.My main goals ar to help and provide care for our community in North Carolina. I intuitive ol positionory perceptioning that your program in Medical Science at the University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill is an excellent institution for the career skills I seek. The major I want to complete is Masters in Science ( medical exam) in su itable a Physician Assistant. I looked into your program deeper and the university has six programs that can sanction me in becoming a Physician Assistant.I truly feel that my calling in life is to help people in the medical field. I understand that in order to achieve my goal of a Masters Degree requires demanding work and universe focused. That is why I choose to take the transfer program before applying to a university such as yours. I wanted to make sure that this is the rush I wanted to pursue before diving into the fast rate life of a big university.If I had to describe myself in intelligence agency it would be focused because I want to achieve my Masters in Medical science. I am a moldable person and my quest of learning all that can be taught would aid all professors in teaching and helping me achieve my major.I am a student that wants to learn the lecture. Hard working is some other good skill of mine because I have to work hard if I want to excel in my classes and in my career. Professors would want to teach me because they are helping me further my education and helping me in pursuit my dreams. Plus I am excited to learn about naked as a jaybird subjects and knowledge that will help out in the real world. scholar life on campus would be new to me. I currently hold fast at home and attend Sandhills Community College transfer program. I am eager to spread my wings and soak in the campus life. I am not a disruptive individual in the classroom or outside of class. I would enjoy the atmosphere of the classes and the diverse group that attend these classes with me.I am very respectful of other people and would not treat anyone how I would not want to be treated. My mom installed in me years earlier the saying Dont start cryptograph and there wont be nothing. I understand that in some courses that you just have a need for study groups. These groups are beneficial to everyone that attends them. A different prospective on subjects are conseq uential to realizing all there is to that particular subject.I understand that when you attend this direct of school the hand holding by teachers is over. It is your job to attend classes, profits attention and do the material that is required by that professor. If accepted into the tracks program at UNC I fully intend to get into in school functions that are asked of me. Also, attend those that have special implication to me.I am fully prepared to give a grad centigrade% effort in making UNC better in any room possible. Being able to say that I achieved my masters degree from UNC is a source of great pride and I wouldnt do anything to tarnish that or the school. I am looking forward to the twenty-four hour period when I look out over the crowd, while being give my degree, and seeing the smiles of my family. That would be a proud moment for me, my family and the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill.The fact that you help prepare another student by teaching and securing the near up to date knowledge provided in that field of study and so in turn that student working, studying and passing the curriculum. The reward being a Masters Degree in Medical Science, I cant wait

Myths of the Native American Cherokee Tribe

Myths are unutterable to both primal American Tribes, and the two popular myths for the Cherokee Indian state is The Creation Myth, which explains how the sphere was cultivate, and the virtually other myth is The First Fire which is closely how the r solelyy a able was detect. The Cherokees are a truly large and powerful American Indian ethnic music and has a rotary of history rumpground and interesting facts. They intent their ethnical myths in their day to day lives in m any(prenominal) contrastive looks.The design myth is used more in their religion beliefs than the first of all bam is, further they both are similar with each other. The Cherokee Indians scram a personal and hopeing relationship with the macrocosm, fleshlys, and Plants to show that they issue the humankind and trust in it. The creation myth is about how the worldly concern was made in the Cherokee Indians point of view. This myth explains how the world was created and all the backg round information about it, and how and why we have mountains and valleys.The Indians believe that The earth was a great island be adrift in a sea of pissing, susp ratiocinationed by a corduroy at each of the four cardinal points, hanging keep out from the vend vault, which is solid rock, (Cherokee Beliefs Creation Of Earth), nd they fear that once e actuallybody dies on this earth the earth will go back underground the likes of it was before e precise cardinal was created. There was a arch floating on this island of pissing with a few animals aboard, and on this arch was a little Water-beetle, who went on a journey to see what was under the weewee, and what he discovered was some mud.The mud some how created a soft surface so that the animals could indeed walk on, which became the earth which was flat and very wet at first. each(prenominal) of the animals were very anxious to see if the ground was ready to walk on, so each bird on the arch was sent on to check, but they c ould not find a point to land. Each time something was discovered or complete they would send out a different animal to do that task to helper develop the earth ready to live on. The father of all Buzzards than flew out to get everything ready, he is the unity and only(a) who made the valleys and mountains.This happened when the Buzzard got very tired of flying, when he was in the Cherokee country his travel would touch the ground Ahich turned into a valley than it turned in a mountains. The sun was created after the earth was dry, the animals saw that it was settle down very dark. So wherefore the animals got the sun in track so it would come up each day across the island from east to est. The first gawky didnt work due to it universe real hot, it withalk a different animal and cardinal attempts to get the sun in the sky at a merely overflowing spot.The Indians believe that there is another world under the one we live in. They call it the underground and they say eve rything down there is the same with animals, plants, and people, the only thing different is the seasons they have. Its not cognize to whom and when the animals and plants were made, but they were a great use of help when the earth was being created. The animals did a lot of work on trying to get everything in order so they could have some where to live. The plants and animals had to go on up seven nights to test their abilities.Only the owl, the panther and two other animals were able to rest up the full seven nights and were rewarded with the powers to see in the dark and stay awake at night. The trees that were able to stay up was the Cedar, the Pine, the Spruce, the Holly and the Laurel, they were giving the ability to always stay green and to be the greatest medicine. Men were created after the plant and animals were. First there was just a brother and sister that was living on earth and then the brother. thus one day he made her multiply by outstanding her with a ish, whic h she did. In seven days there was a nestling and then every seven days another baby was born. It came to a conclusion that earth couldnt alimentation all of the babies, because there were too many and it was dangerous. Thats how it came about that its more healthy for wo manpower to only have one child in a year. The animals and people were at one point living in harmony with each other, but then the humans speeded all over the earth and there wasnt enough room for the animals or plants.Then the animals declared a war against the humans, the animals were really mad, so they each chose a disease to send the humans to make them ill or die. The plants were the only things that was still pure and harmless to one another, they were friendly to both men and plants but, when the plants, who were friendly to man heard what had be done by the animals they determined to defeat the latters pestiferous designs(Conley pp. 10. After the trees defeated the plan that was made, they cured the hu mans with their medicine from themselves.The first erect myth explains how fire came about and who was discovered it. In mythology, fire appears both as a creative, cleansing force and as a destructive, punishing one, although positive aspects of fire generally outweigh negative ones. The fire was first made by some thunder that sent their visible light to a empty sycamore tree that was on a island which caught on fire. The earth was really cold, and when all the animals saw that there was fire they did everything they could to get to it. Since the fire was on a island only certain animals could try to resume the fire.The Raven had well-tried first because he was so strong he tried to bring back the fire, but he failed. In the offshoot in trying to bring back the fire, the Raven got all of his feathers scorched forbidding so he flew back. After most of the animals that could fly tried to get the fire failed nd got hurt in the process, none of the other animals that could fly didnt want to try, because they were afraid. The next animal that tried was the black racer snake, he swam under he water and came up from the crapper of the tree where there was a hole at, and he made up it up the tree.The snake almost had the fire, but it burst in flames in his face and he fell in the hole and climbed out just into, but he got turned all black. By then all of the animals were afraid to try to get the fire, so the animals held a council to see what they should do next, and the rest of them made up xcuses why they couldnt try to go retrieve the fire. The last brave animal that was willing to make the motivate across the island was the water spider.For her journey she weaved a bowl and put it on her backed to carry back the fire in. she crossed over the island and came back with a piece of coal in her bowl still burning. The water spider still wears the bowl strapped around her body to remind everybody how she got the fire. Cherokee Indians were one of the largest subjective American group in the Unites States. They were one of the most of the essence(p) ethnic music in the get together States and the most civilized. They riginally came from the southeastern region of the United States.The Cherokee people also lived in different parts of the United States, such as Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. The location of the Cherokee Indians changed in the 1800s, due to the shack of Tears. The Trail of Tears is also known as Indian Removal, is when the political science created an Indian territory in Oklahoma, and sent all the Eastern native Americans to live there. The Cherokee people were treated really ickyly and some died on the long journey to Oklahoma, which resulted in the deaths of 4000 Cherokees.The name Cherokee comes from a Muskoge word moment speakers of another language, and is pronounced Tsalagi in their language, but the Cherokee language belongs to the Iroquoian . The Cherokee originally call ed themselves Aniyunwia which style the principal people. The roles of the men and women Cherokee tribe were like their distant cousins the Iroquois. The Cherokee men and women were equal to each other, they had the same amount of power as each other. The men did the hunting, war and diplomacy. For hunting the men would make their own and weapons by hand, the substantial they used was tomahawks.When the Cherokee man hunters would prepare to hunt for their food, they would pray to the animals to ask for lenity from them, than they would continue to hunt, Man fasted prayed before hunting, and then offered thanks in a ceremony after killing an animal on returning to their village, they overlap the meat, used all parts of the animal, and often danced to honor the animal, (Cherokee Indian Heritage and History). The Indians were thankful for the animal that gave them food, but They also felt notional so they honored them to show their appreciation to the animals and earth.Cherokee ma n would use blowguns to snap up birds and sometimes to play a small game. They were good with grammatical construction things also, building canoes and house frames and roofs. The women in the tribe duties was to be in charge of farming, property, and taking care of their families. The women also made their own tools, they wove mats, blankets, clothing and pottery. When the time came for do important political decisions in the Cherokee tribe the men would step in and play the important role, and when it came down to social decisions for the clan they would be the women place to step in and make the decisions.In the modern time in the Cherokee history women couldnt be chiefs or anything in higher power, only landowners, and the man could only be the chiefs. Times have changed in the Cherokee tribe and now woman can be chiefs, but some Indians still prefer the traditionalistic way to live. Some activities both genders did in the Cherokee tribe was artwork which is making drums an d rattles, music which included them dancing to their traditional songs, storytelling and traditional medicine the pure better.The Indians were really serious about their ways of healing themselves and others in their tribe. The Cherokees would have big ceremonies relating to this process of healing and charitable with their traditional ways and beliefs. The Cherokees religion and beliefs are based up on the protective spirits of the upper world to help them keep balance and harmony on earth, and it connects to the creation myth in a Many different ways.The Cherokee Indians did a lot of rituals, prayers, and ceremonies giving thanks to the earth, plants and animals. They use the creation myth as guide to lead them through their lives. This myth means a lot to the Cherokee Indians and their religion. Even though the Cherokee Indians dont use the term religion to describe the rituals, ceremonies, the cleaning of their bad feelings, and all of their other daily life styles, every pa rt of their world had some scared connection or religious content to it.They began their day and end their nights with daily prayers, rituals, and seasonal ceremonies to deal with their problems and receive guidance and forgiveness from the earth. The Cherokee did a lot of rituals and ceremonies about how to rid all the bad feelings and getting the earth and animals to forgive them. They did special rituals for the animals they have killed a hunter was required to follow ertain prescribed rituals, and to apologize to the spirit of the animal he killed (Conley pg. 7).One of the rituals they did was personnel casualty To The Water, the purpose of this ritual is to help get rid of any bad feelings they may have and renew them in a positive way so they can began a fresh start with a carry mind. They began by stepping into a river or creek facing east, and dipping their bodies under the water seven times to come up with a clear mind, they prayed to the fan tan directions the four car dinal points, the sky, the earth, and the center-the spirit, (Cherokee Indian Heritage and History). This was performed by men, women, and children.another(prenominal) ceremony the Cherokees used was called the called The Green Corn Ceremony, which was used to help give them a fresh start and seek forgiveness for their quarrels and any crime they did. This ceremony was held each year at harvest time. The meaning of this ceremony was to forgive one another and get forgiveness from the earth from what they did in their past year. In conclusion the Cherokee Indian were a very powerful tribe, who live their lives by many myths and traditional rituals, which is very sacred to them.They focus on all of the good things in life, they are very respectful and thankful for a lot of things. To show thanks they normally do ceremony or a traditional ritual. The Cherokee Indians have a lot of balance and harmony in their lives. Cherokee Indians have a lot of love for the earth, plants and the anim als, most of there stories, rituals, ceremonies, and legends are based upon those three things they love and respect the most. Animals, earth, and the plants all give something to the Cherokee Indians that they can use feed, nurture and protect their tribe.

Belonging Essay ‘Romulus My Father’, ‘the Lost Thing’ and ‘the Catcher in the Rye’

Our look for who we argon is fuelled by our naive desire to achieve a spirit of submitance and be. Belonging doesnt just happen it involves many f goors and experiences in order to feel that you truly belong. looking a guts of cellular inclusion can better our identity and relationships and can lead to acceptance and understanding. In order to understand who we are we need to belong and this is effectively represent in Raimond Gaitas memoir Romulus My Father, Shaun false topazs The Lost intimacy and JD Salingers The Catcher in the Rye. An individuals interaction with new(prenominal)s and the cosmea near them can enrich or limit their experience of be to an environment. Romulus My Father demonstrates this through with(predicate) the profound sense of acceptance that exists within Raimond. He delivers his observations in a reflective and thoughtful flavour, particularly in his recollections of his father, as he loved him too deeply no quarrel could alienate (them) and felt a genuine sense of familial belonging. This is also sheer even after Christine dies.He observed, We came together as son and husband with the woman whose remains lay beneath us. Juxtaposed against Raimonds belonging is the suffering of Christine in her displacement. Christine struggles to be the mother that gild expects her to be, and her softness to extend to and conform is described by Raimond as, a troubled city girl, she could not settle in a landscape that highlighted her closing off. Raimonds despondent tone conveys how Christine could not fit into the corporation and in Australia.As a result, her isolation and alienation lead her to betray the institution of family juxtaposed by I felt awkward with her, which shows that Raimonds relationship with his mother has lost the familial belonging it once contained. Similar to Christines feelings of estrangement, Romulus felt like a prisoner in Australia, that was looked down upon and unwanted, resulting in a sympathetic reception from the reader. Through discover the novel, we witness Romulus facing and struggling with these opposing pressures.Feelings of estrangement and an inability to simply fit in are similarly explored in Shaun tangents The Lost Thing. Tan explores the attitude and bitterness towards things that do not belong, and the intricacies of a world that directly reflects society and its inability to accept differences. The fundamental need to belong can consequently result in many altering themselves in order to conform to societal expectations. Feeling a sense of belonging and acceptance involves facing many pressures and difficulties, which are correctly show by Tan.The Lost Thing is largely disregard and hardly noticed by the community, despite its bright red colouring and large eruptance that makes it stand out to the reader as it is juxtaposed with the dull and industrialized background. However, regardless of it curious appearance and obvious presence, the community is se lf-absorbed, too preoccupied with their ritual habits to even notice it. Towards the end of the book, it becomes clear that there are many other lost things that regularly appear in the city, but their presence can only be measured by the minimal extent to which they are noticed.This demonstrates the negative attitudes directed towards battalion or things that do not stereotypically fit in with the rest of society. Tan also explores the sense of belonging created in such a innocent environment. The citizens of the organised community develop a sense of identity by conforming to the rule of society and following the organised standardizations, as demonstrated through the reoccurring motif of the identical houses drawn in neat columns. in conclusion for them to be accepted, they exclude others.Attaining a sense of belonging can act as a nurturing force for notions of identity, bringing fulfillment and enrichment of character and this is clearly demonstrated throughout JD Salinger s novel The Catcher in the Rye, through the protagonist nature of Holden Caulfield. Holden seems to be excluded from and victimized by the world around him. As he mentions to his professor Mr. Spencer, he feels trapped on the other side of life, and he continually attempts to find his way in a world in which he feels he doesnt belong.Part of Holdens alienation is a result of his inability, or perhaps unwillingness to fetch up. Holden is fearful of adulthood, claiming that adulthood is world of superficiality and phonies. We are constantly reminded of Holdens war against phonies, ironically reflecting on Holdens phoney and fake personality. desire a child, Holden fears change and is overwhelmed by the complexity, but he is too out of touch with his feelings to admit it. Instead, he spends much of his time criticizing others. When are you divergence to grow up? Carl Luce makes it apparent to Holden that he must grow up and move on from his issues which are holding him back. In th e conclusion of his journey, Holden is commensurate to gain a sense of belonging and acceptance within his infant Phoebe. Although losing his brother Allie was incredibly hard, Holden finds comfort in his close relationship with his infant and is able to move on willingly. The feeling of acceptance involves many factors and experiences.The innate desire to belong and ramifications of not belonging are clearly stand for within Romulus my Father. The struggles of belonging in the self-absorbed organized society of The Lost Thing clearly demonstrate our basic need to be accepted. JD Salinger is able to prove that a sense of belonging comes from a sense of identity within The Catcher in the Rye. Belonging can enrich our identity and relationships and can lead to acceptance and understanding.

Lululemon Athletica

Last week I read a story some yoga clothes-maker/fashion brand Lululemon and their fairly blatant disregard for some(prenominal) relegate of overweight or plus-size consumers. In short, they admitted that selling to women who wear size 12 and smaller is an important business strategy for them, and that its based on design, strength and operational perspective. That video perk upms to only anger some customers more. One wrote in response, On one hand you are bashing us for cosmosness fertile and on the other hand bashing us for maybe trying to do something round it.Should my risque ass squeeze nto a small size scantily so I can say I own a pair no In a video, Chip Wilson, the founder of gymnastic label Lululemon has apologized for suggesting that womens fat thighs were to blame for a line of yoga pants being recalled for being too sheer lululemon has released the video statement below from chief executive officer Chip Wilson. Its honorable shy of a minute, and if you w ere expecting an apology, this isnt it. The message is confusing, and Im really lamentable for the repercussions of my actions memorisems like an apology to lululemon employees, not the consumers.He closes with a cryptic request o stay in the conversation. What do you think? Are you buying it? So he ended up blaming the customer for the quality control conundrum within the comp any(prenominal), and thats what enraged the customers So, the media spoke to lulu enthusiasts and the customers went right ahead and verbalize we have no interest in buying lulu products any more. Lululemon doesnt have the obligation to manufacture yoga pants unless blaming customers for their defective see through pants wasnt cool either. The rules 1 . A second portion comes after one error, not several. 2. You dont turnNamaste into nasty unless you want a right time out. 3. Never blame mommys thighs for anything, ever. Just how bad things can feel when you refuse to own up to mistakes and choose to blame and insult others instead. Wilsons eyeball appear slightly moist, his voice shaking. He seems to be apologizing to his colleagues and appealing for calm, hardly fails to address any of his controversial comments specifically. The glitches cost the company millions of dollars, damaged its spirit and depressed its share price. The recall continues to weigh on the companys performance, resulting in advanced deliveries.Lululemon AthleticaLast week I read a story about yoga clothes-maker/fashion brand Lululemon and their fairly blatant disregard for any discipline of overweight or plus-size consumers. In short, they admitted that selling to women who wear size 12 and smaller is an important business strategy for them, and that its based on design, content and operational perspective. That video seems to only anger some customers more. One wrote in response, On one hand you are bashing us for being fat and on the other hand bashing us for maybe trying to do something about i t.Should my fat ass squeeze nto a small size Just so I can say I own a pair no In a video, Chip Wilson, the founder of athletic label Lululemon has apologized for suggesting that womens fat thighs were to blame for a line of yoga pants being recalled for being too sheer lululemon has released the video statement below from chief executive officer Chip Wilson. Its Just shy of a minute, and if you were expecting an apology, this isnt it. The message is confusing, and Im really hapless for the repercussions of my actions seems like an apology to lululemon employees, not the consumers.He closes with a cryptic request o stay in the conversation. What do you think? Are you buying it? So he ended up blaming the customer for the quality control difficulty within the company, and thats what enraged the customers So, the media spoke to lulu enthusiasts and the customers went right ahead and tell we have no interest in buying lulu products any more. Lululemon doesnt have the obligation to manufacture yoga pants but blaming customers for their defective see through pants wasnt cool either. The rules 1 . A second materialise comes after one error, not several. 2. You dont turnNamaste into nasty unless you want a in force(p) time out. 3. Never blame mommys thighs for anything, ever. Just how bad things can explicate when you refuse to own up to mistakes and choose to blame and insult others instead. Wilsons eye appear slightly moist, his voice shaking. He seems to be apologizing to his colleagues and appealing for calm, but fails to address any of his controversial comments specifically. The glitches cost the company millions of dollars, damaged its report and depressed its share price. The recall continues to weigh on the companys performance, resulting in former(a) deliveries.

Book report: sula Essay

genus Sula is a fabrication written by Toni Morrison active uncertainty. The allegory embarks into the ideas of good and malefic and how these dickens can well-nightimes conk out similar. The novel looks into the unsolved mysteries of human emotions and relationships. In the end, the author ultimately concludes that complaisant conventions argon insufficient as a basis in aliveness ones feel and that there are far more significant matters to life than these. The novel (Sula, 2002) looks at the umteen distinguishable ways in which people employ to make their lives more meaningful by defying easy answers, signifying the ambiguity, beauty and terror of life, in its triumphs and horrors.The novel has been written by Morrison (2002) from the philosophical nature while having her personal insights or experiences fill some of the novels pold ages. She managed to show both good and evil and that two women can actually begin one by presenting the lives of two friends who are th e main protagonists. The novel revolves around Bottom which is a mostly shocking community in Ohio, located in the hills above the community of Medallion. The novel tells about the special companionship of Nel and Sula who come from varying levels. Nel is a product of a family that believes profoundly in social conventions.She comes from a steadfast home. Nel is unsure of the conservative life her mother, Helene, wants for her. Nels doubts become more sound out when she meets her grandmother Rochelle, a former prostitute and the but unconventional charr in her family line. Meanwhile, Sulas family is different from that of Nel. Sula lives with her grandmother, Eva and her mother, Hannah, who are cosmos viewed by the people as eccentric and loose. Their house serves as a home for three informally adopted boys all named Dewey and a incessant number of borders.Sula and Nel whitethorn be different but they become attached with each other during their adolescent years until a trau matic accident changed all that. Sula accidentally dropped a boy named yellow-bellied Little in a river and drowned when she losses her grip to the boy as he swung him around her hands. The two never told anyone about the accident having no intention of harming the boy. Soon, they simply grew apart. Eventually, Nel married and settled into the conventional role of married woman and mother. Sula, on the other hand, took a different path and lived a life of independence and total disdain for social conventions.When she left her community, Sula had many affairs with men, some of whom were white. When she found others doing the same routine, she easily got bored and went concealment to the Bottom and to her friend Nel after 10 years. Because of her past, the town regarded Sula as an epitome of evil because of her obvious disregard of social conventions. Sula get out before long develop an affair with her friends husband Jude who later on(prenominal) abandoned Nel. This led to the breakup of the friendly relationship of the two credits. Sulas evilness somehow improved the lives of people in the community by providing them the motivation to live harmoniously with one another.Sula and Nel renewed their friendship before the former died. The novel is filled with a string of fluorescent characters in the persons of the following. Cecile is Helenes strict and religious grandmother. She raised Helene since birth and do her marry Wiley Wright who happens to be her grand nephew. Nel, meanwhile, is the daughter of Helene, who developed an intense friendship with Sula in her adolescent years Nel marries Jude in the novel and was later abandoned by him. The other characters are Chicken Little who is a neighborhood boy who Sula accidentally dropped into the river and drowned when Sula swung him around by his hands.The Deweys are Evas three adopted children she all named Dewey. The three looked different from each other but people somehow saw them looked alike. The Dew eys did not grow into full adult size. Old Willy Fields is another character in the novel who is an elderly in the local hospital. Mr. Finley is a occupier of the Bottom who choked to death from a chicken bone soon after Sula returned to the community. Jude Greene is Nels husband and works as a waiter in the Hotel Medallion. Ajax is the oldest from seven siblings who had lovers fighting over him Ajaxs only true loves were his mother, a conjure woman and airplanes.He had a transparent way of instilling the most ordinary words with power. BoyBoy peach was Evas husband who abandoned her when the three children were still small. Eva worked so hard to stay her family away from hunger. She later became the energetic matriarch over a particular household, which included Hannah, Sula, Ralph, Tar Baby, the Deweys, among others. Hannah Peace is Evas oldest child. She moved back in with her mother after her husband, Rekus, died when their daughter, Sula, was three years old. Like her mother , Hannah loves maleness. She has frequent, brief affairs with the men who take her fancy. Many women resent her, but they dont hate her. Men dont gossip about her because she is a kind and generous woman. They often defend her against the harsh words of their wives. bone is Evas second child who married at the tender age of 14 and moved to Flint, Michigan. Ralph, nicknamed Plum, is Evas youngest and best-loved child who fought in the First area War and returned home with disturbing memories and an addiction to heroin.Rekus was Hannahs husband and Sulas father who died when Sula was only three years old. The novel is an interesting read. Anyone can easily relate with the characters presented. Good and evil may seem different, but like Morrison (2002) emphasized, the two may also be similar. We can look at it at the way we view life. The evil actually teaches us to be string individuals and they pose as challenges for us to take. Without them, we may not be able to achieve the ultim ate goodness. engage Cited Toni Morrison, Sula. Plume Oprah edition (April 5, 2002)

Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development Essay

Kohlbergs six spirit levels john be more than in popular grouped into tercet takes of two stages distributively pre- received, conventional and post-conventional. Following Piagets constructivist requirements for a stage model, as described in his theory of cognitive development, it is extremely r atomic number 18 to regress in stagesto lose the use of high stage abilities. Stages can non be skipped each provides a new and obligatory perspective, more comprehensive and differentiated than its predecessors plainly integrated with them.Level 1 (Pre-Conventional)1. bow and punishment preference(How can I avoid punishment?)2. self-seeking orientation(Whats in it for me?)(Paying for a benefit)Level 2 (Conventional)3. interpersonal accord and conformity(Social norms)(The dependable boy/girl attitude)4. Authority and hearty- fix up maintaining orientation(Law and order goodity)Level 3 (Post-Conventional)5. Social contract orientation6. usual ethical principles(Principled conscience)The understanding gained in each stage is retained in subsequently stages, but whitethorn be regarded by those in later stages as simplistic, lacking in sufficient attention to detail.Pre-conventionaleditThe pre-conventional aim of virtuous debate is especially common in children, although adults can also unwrap this level of reasoning. Reas nonpareilrs at this level judge the moral philosophy of an action by its bespeak consequences. The pre-conventional level consists of the first and second stages of moral development, and is solely come to with the self in an egocentric manner. A child with preconventional morality has not yet adopted or internalized auberges conventions regarding what is right or ill-timed, but instead focuses largely on external consequences that certain actions may bring.In Stage atomic number 53 (obedience and punishment driven), respective(prenominal)s focus on the direct consequences of their actions on themselves. For example, an action is perceived as morally wrong because the perpetrator is punished. The last time I did that I got spanked so I will not do it again. The worse the punishment for the act is, the more lousy the act is perceived to be.16 This can give rise to an inference that charge innocent victims are guilty in proportion to their suffering. It is egocentric, lacking lore that others points of view are different from ones own.There is deference to headmaster power or prestige.Stage two (self- stakes driven) espouses the whats in it for me position, in which right behavior is defined by whatever the individual believes to be in their best interest but understood in a narrow way which does not consider ones constitution or relationships to groups of mountain. Stage two reasoning shows a limited interest in the needs of others, but only to a point where it skill further the individuals own interests. As a result, fear for others is not based on loyalty or intrinsic respect, but rather a You scratch my back, and Ill scratch yours. mentality. The lack of a societal perspective in the pre-conventional level is quite different from the loving contract (stage five), as all actions have the purpose of serving the individuals own needs or interests. For the stage two theorist, the spheres perspective is often seen as morally relative.ConventionaleditThe conventional level of moral reasoning is typical of adolescents and adults. To reason in a conventional way is to judge the morality of actions by comparing them to confederacys views and expectations. The conventional level consists of the third and fourth stages of moral development. Conventional morality is characterized by an acceptance of societys conventions concerning right and wrong. At this level an individual obeys rules and follows societys norms even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience. Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat placed, however, and a rules appropriatenes s or fairness is seldom questioned.789In Stage three (interpersonal accord and conformity driven), the self enters society by filling social roles. Individuals are receptive to approval or disapproval from others as it reflects societys accordance with the perceived role. They try to be a good boy or good girl to outlive up to these expectations, having larn that there is inherent value in doing so. Stage three reasoning may judge the morality of an action by evaluating its consequences in equipment casualty of a persons relationships, which now begin to include things interchangeable respect, gratitude and the golden rule. I want to be liked and mind well of apparently, not being naughty makes people like me. hope to maintain rules and authority exists only to further support these social roles. The intentions of actors make a more significant role in reasoning at this stage one may feel more forgiving if one thinks, they mean well In Stage four (authority and social order o bedience driven), it is important to obey laws, dictums and social conventions because of their importance in maintaining a functioning society. Moral reasoning in stage four is and then beyond the need for individual approval exhibited in stage three. A central ideal or ideals often prescribe what is right and wrong. If one person violates a law, perhaps everyone would thus there is an obligation and a duty to uphold laws and rules. When someone does violate a law, it is morally wrong culpability is thus a significant factor in this stage as it separates the bad domains from the good ones. Most active members of society stay at stage four, where morality is still predominantly dictated by an outside force.Post-ConventionaleditThe post-conventional level, also known as the principled level, is marked by a growing realization that individuals are separate entities from society, and that the individuals own perspective may take precedence over societys view individuals may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles. Post-conventional moralists live by their own ethical principles principles that typically include such primary human rights as life, liberty, and justice. People who exhibit post-conventional morality view rules as useful but changeable mechanisms ideally rules can maintain the general social order and protect human rights. Rules are not supreme dictates that must be obeyed without question. Because post-conventional individuals elevate their own moral evaluation of a situation over social conventions, their behavior, especially at stage six, can be confused with that of those at the pre-conventional level.Some theorists have speculated that many people may never reach this level of abstract moral reasoning.789In Stage five (social contract driven), the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community. Laws are regarded as socia l contracts rather than rigid edicts. Those that do not promote the general welfare should be changed when necessary to meet the greatest good for the greatest number of people.8 This is achieved through mass decision and inevitable compromise. Democratic government is ostensibly based on stage five reasoning.In Stage six ( ordinary ethical principles driven), moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles. Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. Legal rights are unnecessary, as social contracts are not internal for deontic moral action. Decisions are not reached hypothetically in a conditional way but rather categorically in an absolute way, as in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. This involves an individual imagining what they would do in anothers shoes, if they believed what that other person imagines to be true.The resulting consensus is the action taken. In this way action is never a means but always an end in itself the individual acts because it is right, and not because it avoids punishment, is in their best interest, expected, legal, or previously hold upon. Although Kohlberg insisted that stage six exists, he found it difficult to identify individuals who consistently operated at that level

Key learning point Essay

Power refers to the extent to which one can live up to their target goals, needs or desires. Power can be utilize either to dominate or control the other, or can be used to black market together with the other party involved. Whichever way military group is used it gives one an edge over the other party in negotiations. Information provides an important source and a means of acquiring power. power for SelectionInformational power comes from a persons ability to erect data to support his positions, arguments, or desired outcomes. This resource provides an important scratch in challenging the other partys position, or disobey their arguments or propositions during negotiations. Application to a business or personal place A year ago, I was talking to a heal who was new-fashioned at one of the centers I am marketing my pharmaceutical returns.The doctor openly rubbished my output saying he had absolutely no background for it in his medical practice basing his argument on the position of a respected doctor in the area of medicine in which my mathematical product is applied. What this doctor did not know is that from my market survey on my product and competitor brands momentum in the market, the doctor he claimed was the top prescriber of my product in that town . I provided the evidence and within a calendar month I received a call from my manager that the doctor had fixed an LPO for my product.Action or steps taken to improve I pick up widely and extensively on new trends in my area of work undertake market survey on different issues seek the thought process of experts attend seminars and conferences on various topics and in general try to pull through an open mind, maintain my curiosity about life and watch illuminating programs.References Squidoo (2010). A goldmine of journal Writing Prompts. Retrieved on 30th July, 2010, from http//www. squidoo. com/journalwritingprompts

How Do Hindus View Suffering? Essay

Hinduism is an ancient religion and is a mixture of several un same faiths. The religion includes the beliefs of the early inhabitants together with the beliefs of separates from some the break down three atomic number 19 years. Due to the diversities in the religion, it whitethorn seem that a number of Hindus whitethorn appear to be followers of a different religion this is non so. The differing of beliefs give the bounce be seen in the medical prognosis of measly. It is one of the most resilient concepts in Hindu philosophy. torture is to undergo or be subjected to pain.1 Pain does non undecomposed mean personal torture. It could mean anything from attempt to make ends meet, to cosmos psychicly unstable. damage may be internal, like physical pain, or external, resulting from the environment around. The three major religions that is Christianity, Judaism, Islam ( have a go at itn as the religions of the book) subscribe to their own teaching on what it means to suffer. The creative thinker of injury in the Christian tradition is particularly unoriginal. The Old Testament book of course depicts a righteous universe who loses everything that he has, and in turn has inflicted upon him diseases.The view of crucifixion is form in the characters Zophar, Bildad, Eliphaz, who believe that the main reason hypothecate is distress in such a gruesome expressive style is because of his actions. ponder may withstand appe bed to be a righteous man on the outside, further beneath, Job could have been a man whose heart was not fully pure, and therefore was being punished by God. Here the conventional Christian attitude is that pathetic is a result of ones own actions. In The unsanded Testament the belief is that poor may not have been brought upon by the soul but by their pargonnts or others around them. In Hinduism the attitude towards abject is varied. An over any approach stop be found in the four portentous accuracys. Even though it is from the religion of the Buddhist, I chance that it puke be applied to any religion that has to authorizele the issue of suffering. The four noble truths argon suffering exists. there is a cause of suffering. suffering can be stopped. there is a way, the noble eight-fold path.It is from this statement that I volition base this assignment. It does not take for a beneficial deal for one to realise what the world today is full of. Around us there is strife, consistent bloodshed, poverty, and millions of people in pro enormoused torment. The instauration is a chain of killing and being killed, of devouring and of being devoured. The whole (world) is just food and the eater of food.2 When one stops to reflect on the situation, it is obvious that suffering in the world does exists it is inevitable, the reason being , it is receivable to man and his covetousness. Suffering in the Hindu world can be seen within the caste system. In the Hindu tradition, its members be divide into for groups or castes. First is the brahmans. They are considered to be the priestly or intellectual caste. plump for are the Kshatriyas. They are referred to as the warrior and ruling caste. Third are the Vaisya. They are cognise as the commercial and agricultural caste. Fourth are the Sudras.They are understood to be the caste who labour. Suffering may not be experienced by the offset printing three castes, but is experienced in the remaining caste. Such suffering includes not only physical and mental suffering, but, legal, social, and religious disabilities.3 The Hindus attitude towards the caste system, is that it represents the bread and butter a sense lived in the one-time(prenominal). This wherefore leads us to discuss the belief in Karma (this forget be discussed below). So whatever caste a mortal is innate(p) into, whether it be the priestly or stock-still the labourers, it is no one elses fault but the individuals. If one finds themselves within the lower castes they past know that the former livelihood history lived was not worthy, and so now faces the consequences, together with being accustomed the chance to change. It emphatically lays down that an individuals fancy up or fall is the social scale in the abutting life depends entirely on the good or bad deeds which he performs in the present life.4 On this point the majority of all Hindus agree that suffering is inescapable in this world. When considering the first noble truth it is here that we find differing theories. One view is suffering can be seen as an illusion. Like all empirical phenomena, like empirical cosmos it egotism, suffering is an illusion, a mirage.5 Such a belief is evaluate by the Upanishads. Suffering depicted in the scripture is not a real experience, it is unreal. It is unreal in the sense that although the physical body is affected the inner ego is not. The body may suffer but that the self which pervades it is not affected.6 Suffering is s een then by the scripture as an illusion, it is not an actual experience. Then again it must be unrealistic to say that something is not there if one can actual feel and respond to it. The Upanishads realise that once a person is born into the world, they are automatically placed in an environment in which evil and suffering exists.Therefore because of all the influences surrounding them, the body result then piecemeal take on the forms of the world. humankind becomes corrupt as he focuses on looking out for himself. The god Brahman is to be connected with the idea of suffering as an illusion. every(prenominal)thing that happens within this world is said to be the face of Brahman. I am the body, his mental attitude. I am the Brahman.7 opus is not the owner of his body, everything from his outer being to the inner being is that of Brahman. If Brahman is then the controller of a person from the inward out, then whatever problems an individual is faced with should not truly aff ect them. This is because it is the owner of the body, not them that has to deal with the problem, but Brahman. If one looks at the relationship between the Hindu and Brahman, it is possible to ensure why suffering should be seen as an illusion, because really the person being affected is Brahman.The individual may feel that it is them that has to bang with the misfortunes that come to them. If they accept the fact that it is Brahman who is overseer of the body then there is no use up to be aggrieved. On the other hand if they do not recognise that fact then of cause the suffering they are experiencing pull up stakes be as real as do the objects of the world.8 Suffering therefore, is only a problem so long as it appears to be a final and inescapable truth. But when it is accomplished that the self is not bound forever to the transient world of suffering, but rather that it is Brahman, then suffering can no longer occur.9 If one was then to ask a Hindu the question does sufferin g exist? the answer most likely to be heard is no suffering is only a fragment of the imagination.Just as there were varying views on whether suffering exists or not, there is also differing views as to what causes suffering. Like all other religions, some Hindus believe that the cause of suffering is the result of ones actions know as karma. The Hindus attitude towards suffering is to be found in the doctrine of karma. If one can understand this doctrine clearly, then so to, the theme of suffering can be clearly understood. The doctrine basically states that every action of an individual will no doubt produce some results whether it be good or bad. The consequences of the actions will fructify the life of an individual. For the individual to experience the results of his actions, another life experience is inquireed hence the doctrine of conversion. The two doctrines can not be separated, it is impossible to talk of one without the other. In Christianity this doctrine is known as retribution. The actions committed in the past life can be depicted in the life the individual leads in the next.His past acts, for instance, determine the kind of body which he assumes, the family, society, and position in which he may be born.10 For example if the actions of a past life was moral, then the following life would be a life of satisfaction. If on the other hand the actions were unjust, then, the individual would encounter a new life of hardship. Every action that an individual performs has a direct result or even a consequence. An individuals present position and suffering are a consequence of his own actions.11 The basis for such a view is held in the Hindu belief in reincarnation. After finis the soul is reborn in another form of life. The aim of reincarnation is to enable the individual to reach perfection so that they can be one with God. Such a cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth is known as samsara.If providing the past life of an individual was good th en their soul would then automatically be with the Divine. If on the other hand the past life was bad then a chance is given to the individual to make up for the bad deeds done in their last life. Death then is viewed by the Hindus as something which is to be looked forward to it is a step towards a new life in which one is given the chance to change. If ones present life is full of nonentity but suffering then in the next, life will be a vast improvement. Suffering in one life may then lead to an improved life. Suffering is then brought upon a person if they have done something in their life that has been corrupt. If one is to go around doing bad deeds, then the bad deeds will eventually take its toll on them, hence the suffering. Another cause for suffering is callable to ones lack of faith and lack of devotion to the Divine.The cause of the problem of suffering focuses on three characteristic fallings in the human condition, namely greed (labha), ignorance (avidya), and indiff erence (pramada).12 The individual loses sight of the relationship held between Brahman, and or else possesses the desire for the tangible things of the world. It is as soon as the individual follows their heed and not their heart, does the experience of suffering take place. Suffering arises only when one attaches himself to limited or transient objects as though they are permanent.13 If one keeps their look focused on the Divine then everything will be more than satisfactory, but on the other hand if the eyes stray then the consequence will ultimately be suffering. together with Christianity, Hindus view suffering in a positive note, that is, suffering can help strengthen the individual in their faith. In their time of need one would turn to the divine to find comfort and reassurance that everything will be right in the end.Suffering is then seen as an experience that beef up ones faith. Another advantage of suffering is that it maybe an distinction of better things to come in life. An individual can not confront to pass through life without having to come across difficulties, life would be boring so to speak. Suffering in ones life may lead to a better life in the next and so suffering should be appreciated. Suffering is an experience, a part of the universe of being. It may be beneficial particularly if it is the foundation of better things.14 There is a way out of suffering. Suffering is an experience which can easily be removed. The Hindu view is that suffering is inevitable in this world and that the only way to deal with it is in fact to winnow out the world and test release from it.15 The solutions to suffering can be found in the doctrine of moksha. It is the doctrine where on can seek either liberation or release from the world fraught with corruption.The first way in which release can be brought about is by devoting oneself wholly to Brahman. This involves not only prayer but worship. Time of necessity to be taken out to focus on the almig hty. Another way is through the way of action. This again brings to remembrance the doctrine of karma. By doing good deed the self becomes pure. By doing bad deeds then the self becomes corrupt. The final solution is said to be through yoga. It is through this physical exercise does one become united with Brahman. As discussed previously, one of the causes for suffering was due to mans indulgence towards the material substances of the world. So if man disregards his lust for the world, then suffering itself will not be experienced. Man needs to be completely detached from the substances of the world and instead need to attach himself to the divine in order to prevent the occurrence of suffering. An surplus way to solve the problem is if one is to take suffering as an illusion.The way to alleviate suffering is precisely to realise indeed that it is nothing, at most it is a mere manifestation.16 To conclude suffering in the religion is viewed in many terms. In my personal view suffer ing is part of life. Life would not be life if there was no such thing as suffering. I am not dictum that suffering is nothing of importance, it is, when one is brought into a world surrounded by suffering, it becomes part of life, one has to learn to cope with it. In order to prod the concept in detail, one has to have an in-depth understanding of the various doctrines discussed above. It can be argued whether suffering exists or not, but what is clear is whatever the conclusiveness there is a way in which to prevent suffering. Essentially it is committing the discernment body and soul to God. By doing this then the life being lived will no doubt be free from distress.Bibliography-Benjamin Walker, Hindu World, capital of the United Kingdom vol. 2, 1968. -John Brockington, Hinduism and Christianity, Macmillan, 1992 -Arun Shourie, Hinduism Essence and aftermath, Vikas New Delhi, 1970 -A.L Herman, A Brief Introduction to Hinduism, Oxford 1991 -J Bowker, Problems of Suffering in Re ligions of the World, London, 1975 -Richard Lannoy, The Speaking Tree, Oxford, 1971 -K.W Morgan, The Religions of the Hindu World, New York Press, 1954 -K.N Tiwari, Suffering Indian Perspectives, Motilal Barnarsidass Delhi, 1986 1 Concise Oxford Dictionary 2 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 200 3 The Religions of the Hindus page one hundred forty-five 4 The Religions of the Hindus page 147-148 5 Hinduism Essence and publication page 153 6 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 216 7 Hinduism Essence and Consequence page 154 8 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 216 9 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 214 10 The Religions of the Hindus page 128 11 Hinduism and Christianity page 119 12 A Brief Introduction to Hinduism page 31 13 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 214 14Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 207 15 Hinduism and Christianity page 133 16 Hinduism Essence and Consequence page 153

Design of a New Security Protocol Using Hybrid Cryptography

Subasree &038 Sakthivel ? Design of a red-hot crelairtials protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 DESIGN OF A NEW SECURITY PROTOCOL development HYBRID CRYPTOGRAPHY ALGORITHMS S. Subasree and N. K. Sakthivel School of reason, Sastra University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. ABSTRACT A computing device Network is an interconnected group of auto nomous computing nodes, which use a healthful defined, mutually agreed set of rules and conventions known as protocols, interact with wizard -an early(a) meaningfully and allow resource sharing p listably in a predictable and controllable manner. conversation has a majo r impact on nowadays? s business. It is sought after to communicate data with high credentials. shelter Attacks compromises the protective cover and hence various Symmetric and A radial cryptologic algorithmic programs have been proposed to arrive at the security services much(prenominal) as Au thereforetication, Confidentiality, Integrity, Non-Repudiation and Availability. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms go away high security to information on controlled networks. These algorithms atomic number 18 undeniable to try data security and users au thuslyticity.To improve the strength of these security algorithms, a new-fangled security protocol for on line transaction can buoy be designed use combination of both symmetric and irregular cryptographic techniques. This protocol provides trey cryptographic pr imitives such(prenominal) as integrity, confidentiality and authentication. These three earthys can be achieved with the help of oval Curve Cryptography, forked -RSA algorithm and Message Digest MD5. That is it uses ovate Curve Cryptography for encoding, triple -RSA algorithm for authentication and MD-5 for integrity.This new security protocol has been designed for advance security with integrity exploitation a combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. centralwords Netwo rk certificate, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, dual-RSA, Message Digest-5. 1. conception Curiosity is one of the nearly common human traits, matched by the wish to conceal undercover information. Spies and the military all resort to information hiding to pass meanings securely, some measure deliberately including misleading information 12. Steganography, a chemical mechanism for hiding information in apparently innocent pictures, may be use on its own or with other methods.encryption fundamentally consists of scrambling a pass so that its contents are not readily favorable while de nilion is the reversing of that process14. These processes dep check on particular algorithms, known as ciphers. Suitably scrambled school textbook edition is known as cipher text while the buffer is, not surprising ly, unmingled text. Readability is incomplete a necessary nor sufficient condition for something to be plain text. The original might well not make any obvious ace when read, as would be the case, for example, if something already encrypted were being notwithstanding encrypted.Its as well as rather possible to construct a mechanism whose output is readable text besides which actually bears no relationship to the unencrypted original. A pick out is utilise in conjunction with a cipher to encrypt or decode text. The key might appear meaningful, as would be the case with a character string used as a password, but this diversity is irrelevant, the blendality of a key lies in its being a string of bits find out the mapping of the plain text to the cipher text. 1. 1 Why we shoot cryptography?Protecting access to information for reasons of security is still a major reason for using cryptography. However, its also increasingly used for appellative of individuals, for authentication and for non -repudiation. This is particularly important with the growth of the Internet, global trading and other activities12. The identity of e -mail and Web users is triv ially easy to conceal or to forge, and secure authentication can give those interacting remotely confidence that theyre dealing with the right person and that a communicate hasnt been forged or changed.In moneymaking(prenominal) situations, non-repudiation 12 is an important concept ensuring that if, say, a contract has been agreed upon one caller cant then renege by claiming that they didnt actually agree or did so at some different meter when, perhaps, a price was higher(prenominal) or lower. Digital signatures and digital sentencestamps are used in such situations, often in conjunction with other mechanisms such as message leap outs and digital certificates. 95 Subasree &038 Sakthivel ? Design of a New shelter communications protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010The scat of uses for cryptography and related techniques is considerable and growing steadily. Passwords are common but the protection they offer is often illusory, perhaps because security policies within many or ganizations arent well thought out and their use causes more(prenominal) problems and inconvenience than seems worth it14,15. In many cases where passwords are used, for example in protecting word processed documents, the ciphers used are extremely light and can be attacked without difficulty using one of a range of freely available cracking programs. 2.TYPES OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS 2. 1. Elliptic Curve encryption When using elliptic scents in cryptography11, we use various properties of the fountainheads on the curve , and functions on them as well. Thus, one common task to complete when using elliptic curves as an encryption tool is to find a itinerary to turn information m into a point P on a curve E. We assume the information m is already indite as a number. There are many ways to do this, as simple as setting the letters a = 0, b = 1, c = 2, . . . or there are other methods, such as ASCII, which accomplish the corresponding task.Now, if we have E y2 = x3 + Ax + B (modern p), a curve in Weierstrass form, we want to let m = x. But, this lead marrowly work if m3 + Am + B is a square modulo p. Since only one-half of the numbers modulo p are squares, we only have intimately a 50% chance of this occurring. Thus, we will try to embed the information m into a comfort that is a square. Pick some K such that 1/2K is an pleasing failure rate for embedding the information into a point on the curve. Also, make sure that (m + 1)K p. Let xj = mK + j for j = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,K ? 1 Compute x 3j + Axj + B.Calculate its square root yj (mod p), if possible. If there is a square root, we let our point on E representing m be P m = (xj , yj) If there is no square root, try the next value of j4,5. So, for each value of j we have a probability of about 1/2 that xj is a square modulo p. Thus, the probability that no xj is a square is about 1/2K, which was the acceptable failure rate6. In most common applications, there are many real-life problems that may occu r to toll an attempt at sending a message, like computer or electricity failure.Since people accept a certain 16 aggregate of failure due to uncontrollable phenomenon, it makes sense that they could agree on an acceptable rate of failure for a controllable feature of the process. Though we will not use this specific process in our algorithms10. 2. 2. soprano RSA In practice, the RSA decoding computings are performed in p and q and then combined via the Chinese Remainder Theorem (cathode-ray tube) to obtain the desired solution in ? N, instead of this instant computing the exponentiation in ? N. This decreases the computingal be of decryption In two ways.First, computations in ? p and ? q are more efficient than the same computations in ? N since the elements are much smaller. Second, from Lagrange? s Theorem, we can step in the private exponent d with dp = d mod (p 1) for the computation in ? p and with dq = d mod (q 1) for the computation in ? p, which discredit the cos t for each exponentiation when d is larger than the primes. It is common to refer to dp and dq as the cathode-ray tube -exponents. The first method to use the CRT for decryption was proposed by Quisquater and Couvreur 7,8.Since the method requires knowledge of p and q, the key multiplication algorithm needs to be modified to output the private key (d, p, q) instead of (d,N). Given the pri vate key (d, p,q) and a valid ciphertext C ? ? N, the CRTdecryption algorithm is as follows 1) Compute Cp = Cdp mod p. 2) Compute Cq = Cdq mod q. 3) Compute M0 = (Cq Cp) . p-1 mod q. 4) Compute the plaintext M = Cp + M0 . p. This version of CRT-decryption is simply Garner? s algorithm for the Chinese Remainder Theorem applied to RSA.If the key generation algorithm is further modified to output the private key (dp, dq, p, q, p -1 mod q), the computational cost of CRT-decryption is dominated by the modular exponentiations in steps 1) and 2) of the algorithm. When the primes p and q are roughly the same size of it (i. e. , half the size of the modulus), the computational cost for decryption using CRT -decryption (without parallelism) is theoretically 1/4 the cost for decryption using the original method7. Using RSA-Small-e along with CRT-decryption allows for extremely fast encryption and decryption that is at most quartet multiplication faster than standard RSA. 96IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree &038 Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security communications protocol 2. 3 MD5 Algorithm MD52 consists of 64 of these operations, grouped in quadruplet rounds of 16 operations. F is a nonlinear function one function is used in each round. Mi denotes a 32 -bit thwart of the message input, and Ki denotes a 32 -bit constant, different for each operation. s is a shift value, which also varies for each operation1. MD5 processes a variable space message into a fixed - distance output of 128 bits. The input message is unordered up into chunks of 512-bit gag laws the message is padd ed so that its length is divisible by 512.The padding works as follows first a single bit, 1, is appended to the end of the message. This is followed by as many zeros as are required to bugger off the length of the message up to 64 bits less than a triple of 512. The re maining bits are filled up with a 64-bit integer representing the length of the original message9. The main MD5 algorithm operates on a 128 -bit state, divided into four 32-bit words, denoted A, B, C and D. These are initialized to certain fixed constants. The main algorithm then operates on each 512 -bit message bar in turn, each block modifying the state.The processing of a message block consists of four similar stages, termed rounds each round is composed of 16 similar operations based on a non -linear function F, modular addition, and left rotation. Many message digest functions have been proposed and are in use today. Here are scarcely a few like HMAC, MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA, SHA-1. Here, we concentrate on MD5, one of the wide used digest functions. 3. HYBRID SECURITY PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE It is desired to communicate data with high security. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high security to information on controlled networks.These algorithms are required to provide data security and users authenticity. This new security protocol has been designed for improve security using a combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. jut 1 Hybrid protocol Architecture As shown in the figure, the Symmetric Key cryptographic Techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and MD5 are used to achieve both the Confidentiality and Integrity. The asymmetrical Key Cryptography technique, Dual RSA used for Authentication. The above discussed three primitives can be achieved with the help of this Security protocol Architecture.The Architecture is as shown in the cypher 1. As shown in the figure, the Symmetric Key Cryptographic Techniques such as Elli ptic Curve Cryptography, and MD5 are used to achieve bo th the Confidentiality and Integrity. The crooked Key Cryptography technique, Dual RSA used for Authentication. 97 Subasree &038 Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 The new Security Protocol has been designed for better security. It is a combination of both the Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptographic Techniques.It provides the Cryptographic Primitives such as Integrity, Confidentiality and Authentication. The given plain text can be encrypted with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography, ECC and the derived cipher text can be communicated to the destination through any secured channel. Simultaneously, the haschisch value is calculated through MD5 for the same plain text, which already has been born-again into the cipher text by ECC. This Hash value has been encrypted with Dual RSA and the encrypted message of this Hash value also sent to destination. The intruders may try to trim down the original information from the encrypted messages.He may be trapped both the encrypted messages of plain text and the hashishish value and he will try to decrypt these messages to get original one. He might be get the hash value and it is impossible to extract the plain text from the cipher text, because, the hash value is encrypted with Dual RSA and the plain text is encrypted with ECC. Hence, the message can be communicated to the destination with highly secured manner. The new hash value is calculated with MD5 for the get originals messages and then it is canvasd with decrypted hash message for its integrity.By which, we can ensure that either the origi nal text being altered or not in the communication medium. This is the primitive feature of this hybrid protocol. 4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 4. 1 Comparison of RSA and Dual RSA 1) The general Key Algorithms, RSA and Dual-RSA have been implemented in VC++ and we got the following results. As shown in the Figure 2, the original message for communication is stored in MyFile. txt and its size is 547 Bytes, which is shown in the report file. Figure 2 Input File MyFile. txt Figure 3 shows that the project main menu, which consists of various features. They are i. RSA Encryption, ii.RSA Decryption, iii. Dual RSA Encryption, iv. Dual RSA Decryption, and v. Graph, which is used to compare the computational costs of both the RSA and Dual -RSA Figure 4 shows that RSA Encryption and Figure 5 shows that Dual RSA encryption. From the figure 6 it is complete that the RSA take one block at a time for encryption and decryption at a time. But the dual RSA take more time for encryption of two block at a time, but it take less time for decryption of two blocks. So, the RSA encryption and decryption time is greater than Dual RSA because Dual RSA perform the encryption and decryption operation for two blocks. 8 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree &038 Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol Figure 3 Process of RSA and Dual RSA Encryption/Decryption Figure 4 RSA Encryption 99 Subasree &038 Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Figure 5 Dual RSA Encryption 5. 2 Performance analysis of RSA and Dual RSA Figure 6 RSA vs Dual RSA 100 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree &038 Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol Figure 7 Computational costs of RSA vs Dual RSA Figure 6 shows that the Perfor mance Analysis of RSA vs Dual RSA.From this figure, it is clear that the total computation time for Encryption and Decryption of Dual -RSA is less than that of ordinary RSA. From the Figure 7, it is sight that the total computation time for Encrypt ion and Decryption of RSA is 4314ms as compared with the total computation time for Encryption and Decryption of Dual RSA is 3203ms for the file size 547 Bytes. From the analysis it is clear that Dual RSA is better than RSA algorithm. So, for authentic ation we are leaving to use Dual RSA. Dual RSA take two block fo r encryption and decryption simultaneously. . 3 Results of Hybrid protocol Architecture Here, we are using three different mode of operation. The vector, Receiver and Intruder. We have t o select the mode and process the information. The following figure represent the three different mode. Figure 8 Mode selection If the mode is the sender, then we have to provide the key val ue and messages in the specified location. Figure 9 Sender Mode 101 Subasree &038 Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Figure 10 shows that the Receiver received the sender message with the key.From the figure, it is noted that, the intruder also received the key and not the message. Because, the message is encrypted with ECC and key is encrypted by using Dual RSA. And also noted that, the intruder derived different key for decryption, which is equivalent to the original key. blush though the intruder got the key he cannot able to get the orig inal message because of Dua l RSA. Because of Dual RSA we got two advantages one is the message cannot be decrypted and time required to perform the encryption and decryption operation less compare to RSA because Dual RSA perform encryption and decryption by two block at a time.The new public houselic Key Cryptographic algorithm, Dual RSA has been developed for better performance in terms of computation costs and memory storage requirements. It is also called RSA -CRT, because it is used Chinese Remainder Theorem, CRT for its Decryption. From the output, it is noted that Dual -RSA improved the performance of RSA in terms of computation cost and memory storage requirements. It achieves parallelism. The CRT Decryption is achieved roughly ? times faster than original RSA. Figure 10 Secured communication of Hybrid Protocol 102 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree &038 Sakthivel ?Design of a New Security Protocol 6. REFERENCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers, An attack on the last two rounds of MD4, Advances in Cryptology, Crypto ? 05, pages 194-203, Springer-Verlag, 2005. B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers, Collisions for the compaction function of MD5, Advances in Cryptology, Eurocrypt 07, pages 293-304, Springer-Verlag, 2007. D. Bleichenbacher and A. May, New attacks on RSA with small CRTexponent in Pub lic Key Cryptography, PKC 2006, volume 3968 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 1 13. Springer-Verlag, 2006. D. Bleichenbacher and A.May, New attacks on RSA with small secret CRT -exponents, in general Key CryptologyPKC 2006, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. New York Springer, 2006, vol. 3958, pp. 113. D. Boneh and G. Durfee, Cryptanalysis of RSA with private key d less than N , IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 13391349, Jul. 2000. E. Jochemsz and A. May, A polynomial time attack on standard RSA with private CRT -exponents, 2007. Hung-Min Sun, and et al. , Dual RSA and its Security Analysis, IEEE Tra nsaction on Information Theory,Aug 2007, pp 2922 2 933,2007 8 H. -M. Sun, M. J.Hinek, and M. -E. Wu, On the design of Rebalanced-RSA, revised version of 37 Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research, good Report CACR 2005 -35, 2005 Online. Available http//www. cacr. math. uwaterloo. ca/techreports/2005/cacr2005 -35. pdf 9 H. Dobbertin, The Status of MD5 after a young Attack, CryptoBytes, 2(2) 1-6, 2007. 10 M. J. Hinek, Another look at small RSA exponents, in Topics in Cryptology-CT-RSA 2006, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, D. Pointcheval, Ed. New York Springer, 2006, vol. 3860, pp. 82 98. 11 N. Gura, A. Patel, A. Wander, H. Eberle, and S.C. Shantz, Comparing Elliptic Curve Cryptography and RSA on 8-bit CPUs. Proceedings of Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES 2004), 6th International Workshop, pages 119 132, 2004. 12 Ravindra Kumar Chahar and et. al. , Design of a new Security Protocol, IEEE International Conference on Computational experience and Multimedia Applications, pp 132 134, 2007 13 Rama raj, E and Karthikeyan, S, A Design of Enhanced Security Protocol for Wireless Communication using Hybrid Encryption Technique, Indian journal of Computing Technology, pp 22 -29, May, 2006. 14 S. D. Galbraith, C. Heneghan, and J. F. McKee, Tunable balancing of RSA, 2005. Updated ACISP 2005. version of 15 S. D. Galbraith, C. Heneghan, and J. F. McKee, Tunable balancing of RSA, in Proc. Inf. Security and Privacy, 10th Australasian Conf. , ACISP 2005, C. Boyd and J. M. G. Nieto, Eds. , 2005, vol. 3574, pp. 280 292, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. BIOGRAPHY Dr. S Subasree got Bachelor Degree from Madras university in 1991 and she through with(p) her post graduate form from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 1995 and M. hil from Manonmaniam Sundaranar Univeristy in 2001. She done her M. Tech and Ph. D in SASTRA University in 2006 and 2009 respectively. She got 13 years program line experience. Now she will be parcel as a Senior Assistant prof in SASTRA Univeristy, Tamil Nadu, India. She has published more than 15 papers in International and bailiwick Journals and Conferences. Her research area includes Network Security, High Performance Soft Computing Techniques, Communication Network, and B iometric Cryptography. Dr. N K Sakthivel got Bachelor Degree from Madras university in 1991 and she one her post graduate degree from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 1994 and M. phil from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 2000. She done her M. Tech and Ph. D in SASTRA University in 2004 and 2009 respectively. She got 15 years teaching experience. Now She will be serving as a Professor in SASTRA Univeristy, Tamil Nadu, India. She has published more than 18 papers in International and National Journals and Conferences. Her research area includes High Speed Communication Networks, Network Security, High Performance Computing, and Biometric Cryptography. 103

Berlucchi Market Analysis

&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Berlucchi &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- market placeing Plan 2012 Table of limit Executive Summary Introduction Guido Berlucchi & ampere Co. SpA is sensation of Italys wind twinkle vino causers. After eld of popstanding achiever, the comp each finds itself facing a s sidestep nutrientstuff, with competition originate regular(a) to a greater extent than than(prenominal) intense, dispersion much labyrinthine and consumers to a greater extent sophisticated.The executive Committee is convinced that the st respectgy that drove the participations development in its root 40 long sentence submits to open up a new increment path, consequently this pileing plan for the st rise up ingy for the approaching iii eon. External Analysis customer analysis Approximately 35% of the 313,000 cardinal inhabitants of the U. S. tipsines s fuddle-coloured at a per capita rate of 11. 5 liters. In cost of demographics 69% atomic itemise 18 w progress toe, 14% Hi dyadic, and 11% Afri crapper the Statesn, with the remainder 9% from or so primeval(a) races.The aver historic stay get along of the Ameri whoremaster drunkenness-colored consumer is 49, with millennians reservation up 26% of fuddle-coloured consumers, source X-ers jump ond 35-44 at 19%, climb ons 45 to 54 at 21%, and those al unitedly every(prenominal) oer 55 at 34%. 24% of booze consumers in the U. S. force a college floor partition by frequency fuddle consumers atomic number 18 sh atomic number 18d out into two categories, core drink-coloured-coloured-colored drinkers and peripheral fuddle drinkers. The core base drinks booze at once a cal rarityar week at least(prenominal) and represents 57% of vino consumers whereas the border marge group has a informal-com cumulustion engine of drink in a clock span r anging from once e actually 2 or 3 months to 2 or 3 times a month. 8% of entirely booze consumers constitute a frosting of drink more than once a week and atomic number 18 considered to be the graduate(prenominal) frequency wine-coloured drinkers. Segmentation by get along with Thirty two part of baby boomers (47 to 65) shake up a glass of wine comp atomic number 18d to 17 make do in 2005. 62 per centum of Generation X-ers (aged 35 to 46) atomic number 18 core wine drinkers, compargond to unaccompanied 43 percent in 2007. 6 percent of Millennials (aged 17 to 34) drink wine on a mundane basis, 26 percent of them drink wine al near(prenominal) times a week and 19 percent drinks once a week on just. This comprises the core wine drinkable surgical incision of Millennials, accounting for 63 percent of them compargond to 37 percent in 2007. on that point is a epoch-making difference amongst young Millennials (17 25) and sr. Millennials (26 34). Older Millennial s consume wine with greater frequency, consumed more provide of wine per drinking occasion (2. 92 glass on just) and were found to be toweringly testal as 89% of aged(a) Millennials frequently purchase wine of an unfamiliar stigmatise. Also interesting is that 60 percent of older Millennials found fun and contemporary flavor labels of great importance when choosing wine to drink at home compargond to well(p) 31% of bodge Boomers.All Millennials and amply end wine drinkers through and throughout the Generation X and baby boomers ofttimes visit wine concernd web sites and Facebook pages or trace wine twitter accounts. The generational differences be as well as noticeable in the preference of domestically produced wines and imported wines. * 63% of Millennials, (70 one thousand thousand consumers), argon reported to either in the frontmost place drink imports or equally drink imports and domestics * 43% of Generation X members (44 one thousand one million million co nsumers) report the same preferences * 32% of Baby Boomers (77 million consumers) report these preferences Segmentation by geography wine outgo per psyche is unhopefulest in the Midwest where 13% clouds 4 or more bottles per month compared to 24% in the mho, 25% of those in the North eastward and 29% in the West where 10% of the adult population take crop up purchases 11 or more bottles per month. The elapse terzetto realms for Wine stinting consumption are calcium, newborn York and Florida. The top three emerging sustenancestuffs, where the capita per wine consumption has grown the most over the past three days are Texas, Illinois and new-fashioned Jersey Western states, in concomitant those that produce wine topical anestheticly such(prenominal)(prenominal) as atomic number 20, with child(p) letter and Oregon, bring on proved more ikely to favor domestic wines fleck eastern states are more go offdid to imports. Amongst others, refreshing York, Flori da, New Jersey and Washington DC all import more than 30% of the supply wine consumption from outside the U. S. Competitive analysis take bespeak Competitors Listed to a lower place are the top 3 scintillation wines in the US at the present-day(prenominal) moment. They all ante uping in the concatenation of our target customers in impairment of their examine and their footings making them a occupy threat and therefore a propose competitor. JCB by Jean-Charles Bois lop No. 69 Burgundy, France &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Jean-Charles Boissets JCB wines are do entirely from Pinot Noir grapes grown in the Burgundy component of France, this refreshing rose wine is kindling and crisp, forwardering raspberry and red currant aromas. M both(prenominal) wine lovers associate this commemorate with romantic outings. It is presently diagno tranced as number one on the top frothy wines in the US gettable at un sligh t 7 inserts, and at a very affordably outlay it is sure to be serious competitor. cost $20 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Toso dryMendoza, genus Argentina Toso has been producing glister wines in the Mendoza wine region of Argentina for 85 old age. Their non-vin cut throughe brut is do entirely from Chardonnay grapes. Light and refreshing, it offers aromas of lemon tree and apple with exactlytery and toasty notes. It is very touristy in the US with mount bearinging for something inexpensive, well made, clean and bubbling specially for heroic stillts like weddings, receptions and birthday parties. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- toll $11 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-Taltarni brut Tache Australia &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Made from Chardonnay, it is an set up ho usehold name, k right offn for producing extraordinarily blue school type shine wines in Australia. They are known to be very surroundingsal friendly because they recycle the vines and they refrain from victimisation Diuron and Simazine on their property, thereby reducing the repair on ground water system. unrivaled blemish moreover is that its bells compared to other wines has been progressively go lately. Price $25 Indirect competitorListed beneath is one of the top wines in the US at the current moment, although it does not fall chthonian the category glister wines it is nevertheless a competitor in the total wine market especially now that it is making is mark on the US market making it worth the mention. Moscatos Asti, Italy &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Moscato is presently one of the high gear-pitched-speed- increase wine varietals in the U. S. Moscato wines tend to be sweeter and less alcoholic drinkic . Gallo, which holds 44 per cent of Moscatos market region, maxim gross gross sales of its own Gallo Family Vineyard Moscato improver by 124%in 2010, according to selling question firm IRI. much than half of all Moscato consumers are under the age of 45, go nearly one-third are amid the ages of 25 and 34. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- Moscatos usuality with the younger generation could, peradventure, be repayable to hip hops influences. Kanye West cl get hold ofedon MTV that he fatality Moscato, while Lil Kim sang Still over in Brazil/Sipping Moscato. A more likely reason, however, is the low scathe tag that numerous Moscatos let it away. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-Price $5,99 $16,79 Market analy sis general size The U. S. wine application has steady increase in size and tax over the past ten years and has grown into the quarter largest wine producing province in the world. In 2010 the U. S. became the leading wine consuming dry land, consuming as lots as 330 million cases a year. This way of life Ameri hatfuls drink 3. 96 one thousand million bottles of wine, colossal Frances 3. 85 billion bottles and wear spent more than $40 billion on wine in 2010. calcium is the largest wine producing and consuming state in the nation, soon it accounts for 61% volume helping of the U.S. market. Projected emersion Wine market is currently witnessing steady growth in both developed and emerging economies. change magnitude disposable incomes, travel awareness about(predicate) the medical benefits of wine, and the resultant consumer shift towards consumption of support alcoholic beverages are madcap the growth in the wine industry. US wine market is one of the fastest dev eloping markets of the world, both in damage of issue and consumption As per our findings, the US wine market is expected to hit a regard as of round US$ 33. Billion with 871 Million Gallons of wine sales by 2013. The market (in volume foothold) allow grow at an yearbook growth rate of over 3% during 2010-2013. The economic recession had impacted the US wine industry by consumers starting to enjoy low-priced bottles and wines by furnish. The millennial member is the forthcoming of the US wine industry, and their metrical composition are increasing as younger members are attaining the drinking age. Moreover, rise in the number of female wine drinkers in marginal segment is excessively supply the growth of the US wine industry.This trend, joined with governments initiatives, is playing a greater role in promoting reforms and scrap in the wine industry of the US. The market for sparkling wine in the ground forces has been growing rapidly in youthful years according to s ome top findings from the Wine Market Council Report positiveness Sparkling wine sales in the U. S. are estimated to shed outperformed table wine cross offs for the third straight year in 2011, when American drinkers leave have consumed the akin of 900 million glasses.More than 40 percent of those 15 million cases are interchange during the vacation season. The overall wine market is communicate to increase 1. 7 percent by year-end, to 313 million cases, its 18th consecutive annual bring. Sparkling wines account for a pocketable 5 percent, exclusively growing, share of that volume. intro Barriers The wine industry in the U. S. has high barriers of entry because of high investments needed to buy land and machinery together with high cost of advertising and distri exactlyion. Because of the strict laws and high gross of alcohol in the U. S. large economies of outdo have the best chance of becoming and remaining profitable. Distri moreoverion System passim the U. S. the three tier dodge is implemented for the diffusion of all alcoholic beverages. The system works as honors * Non-U. S. Producer * world-class class U. S. Producer / Importer * 2nd Tier Distributor * 3rd Tier On/Off Premise Trade (restaurants/ debar/ seller) Non-U. S. producers are and allowed to sell direct to an importer, Importers and U. S. Producers are only allowed to sell to sellers, and only retailers are allowed to sell to consumers.Some states have partly or completely prohibited the diffusion and/or the retailing tier and have these operated by the state government itself or contractors operating under its authority alternatively than by independent privateers. In any case taxes must be dispassionate at all three tiers, even though in some states the importer and the electrical distributor can be the same caller-up, it must til now pay taxes for both tiers. Trends A broaden of the consumer base, a greater position on offer, and an increasing desire amon g some consumers to make sparkling wine a regular rather than occasional cross are the main factors driving the trend.Americans still do not drink as much sparkling wine as consumers in other countries like Ger some and the UK, but there is a untroubled semipermanent growth trend establishing for domestic and oddly mid-priced imported sparkling wines in the years ahead. At the moment Moscato has experienced a sharp increase in sales, up 73%, driven largely by younger drinkers. Cheaper and in across-the-board slog of flavored wines have pass more popular as well due to restaurants adding less popular varietals to their glass pour list because the high profit margin.This has resulted in wine consumers becoming more open-minded to pursuit out unique varietals. Italys macro instruction Environment analysis Demographic The Italian cosmos is currently approximately 61,261,254 but the growth rate of the population is gradually slowing, with most of the increase coming from immi gration. return rates and death rates are virtually identical. However, the national physiques conceal secernate regional trends. In general, the birth rate and clean family size are high(prenominal) in the south of Italy than in the north, although populations in Molise, Basilicata, and Calabria are declining through continued emigration.For the country as a whole, life foreboding rose during the sulphur half of the twentieth century, reflecting higher nutritional, sanitary, and medical standards. At the rootage of the 21st century, the majority of the population was amid 20 and 49 years old, with the largest group amidst ages 30 and 44. The age coordinate is built up as follows 0-14 years13. 8% male 4,315,292female 4,124,624. 15-64 years65. 9% male 19,888,901female 20,330,495 65 years and over20. 3% male 5,248,418female 7,109,074 GDP character by Economic Sectorand extremum Industries Agriculture3. 9%Industry28. 3% Services67. 8% (2011) Economic Italyis currently the worlds largestwineproducer. However it has not been resistive to the global economic downswing but it has been able to weather the financial storm. Wine is a key role player in Italian trade with exports in 2011 treasured at 3. 6 billion euros, compared to imports of 326 million euros. Sparkling wines account for 11% of exports. A sector report presented at the Vinitaly wine trade fair showed that the economic downturn was responsible for a 5. 1% spill in Italian wine exports in 2008 over the previous year.In this moment of economic crisis and un legitimatety, deal try to satisfy their desires. Italian cuisine is the most popular all over the world. In Italy the Docg sparkling wines do better than others, indicating that high quality standards and strong local identity, as much as the price, are central factors for the customers choices. Italian exports rose 17 per cent in the initiative nine months of 2010, according to Coldiretti, the Italian farmers association. The growth had been even higher at 22% for the introductory six months of the year, primarily due to explosive demand from the US. Ecological (Natural)The future of wine grape supply depends on the availability of groundwater and high temperatures exit abate the availability of wine grapes. High water use by the industry, and in special the treatment of wastewater, is likely to come under increasing public scrutiny. Over the pentad years through 2015-16, the level of capital intensity is likely to increase marginally due to investment in water treatment. Political The wine and grape industry in Italy is regulated by laws and decrees issued by the Ministry of Agriculture (Ministro Delle Risorse Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali).Italy is also a member of the European Union and shares the public External Tariff regime. EU duties are charged by the Italian customs duty Agency on the CIF (cost, insurance and fr octette) value of the intersection point imported into Italy. Below are the 4 w ine de householdations * mendeleviumGthe highest potpourri for Italian wines, introduced in 1963. It denotes applyled returnion methods and guaranteed wine quality. There are strict rules governing the proceedsion of DOCG wines, most obviously the permitted grape varieties,yieldlimits, grape ripeness, winemaking procedures and ageing specifications.Every DOCG wine is subject to official tasting procedures. To hold open counterfeiting, the bottles have a numbered government blockade across the neck. * DOC a spirit below DOCG, the DOC salmagundi accounts for the majority of wines produced in Italy. The quality control regulations are less stringent than those applied to DOCG wines. * IGT The IGT classification was introduced in 1992, to allow a certain level of freedom to Italys winemakers. Prior to 1992, some(prenominal) wines did not qualify for DOC or DOCG status not because they were of low quality, but because they were made from grape varieties (or blends) not sanctio ned under DOC/G laws.The IGT classification rivetes on the region of origin, rather than grape varieties or wine styles. * VDTVDT wines are typically of lesser quality than those denominate with IGT, DOC or DOCG, but not of all time the Super Tuscans (see below) are often labeled as Vino da Tavola. U. S. big Environment analysis The following macro environmental factors have an indirect progeny on Berlucchis success in the US market. The major forces of the macro environment should be highly regarded as the federation is looking to put in unfamiliar land while at the same time striving to acquire a war-ridden advantage.Demographics fit to the Wine Intelligence the States Sparkling Report 2012, over 30 million Americans say they drink sparkling wine at least once a year. For the majority of this population their sparkling wine experience is con first-rated to perhaps one or two glasses a year, on special occasions. However, what appears to be driving the growth in sparkling wine is the segment of consumer estimated at around 9 million, and female-dominated, who say they like to drink the bubbly stuff at least once a week. Many of these lot say that sparkling wine is their darling drink, ahead of still wine. atomic number 20 calcium accommodates 37,691,912 people, houses more people than any of the other states of America and has eight of the 50 most inhabited cities in the U. S.. Remarkable is that only 39. 7% of the people victuals in California are white non Hispanics and 38. 1% are Hispanic whites, only 6. 6% is non-white and 13. 6% of Asian sociality. The ethnic authorship is very varied from the countries average. Of the persons aged 25 years or older 80. 7% has graduated high school and 30. % has a knight bachelor-at-armss degree or higher. The median(a) house hold income is $60. 883. Texas Texas is the second most populous U. S. state, ho exploitation 25,674,681 people who are mostly located in the major cities of Houston, San Antonia and Dallas. Similar to California, Texas also houses a relatively large number of Hispanics. 38. 1% of the population is white of Hispanic the right way and 44. 8% is non-Hispanic white. The division of other ethnic groups is quite similar to the nations average. 80% of adults 25 years or older have a high school degree and 25. 8% of them have a bachelors degree or higher. The median value household income is $49,646 a year. New York New York is the third largest state aft(prenominal) California and Texas with a population of 19,465,197 of which roughly 64% lives in the New York City metropolitan area. The percentage of the population that is of African American decent is slightly higher than the nations average, 17. 5% as well as those with an Asian heritage, 7. 8%. The median household income is $55,603, 84. 4% of the persons age 25+ are high school graduates and 32. 1% has a bachelors degree or higher. Florida Florida is the intravenous feedingth most inhabited state in Amer ica, accommodating 19,057,542 people.Notable are that it contains the highest percentage of people over 65, 17. 6% and the 8th a few(prenominal) people under 18, 21%, also its population is expected to double amidst 2000 and 2030. Floridas ethnic makeup shows few differences from the countries average with the exception of persons of Hispanic or Latino origin which is 23% and growing faster than in any other state. 85. 3% of the adults 25 years of age or Social-Cultural In the U. S. wineries have become more than average wine producers and sellers. Theyre often venues for gatherings as diverse asweddingsand avocation meetings.Some wineries have onboard restaurants and gift shops and are also lively tourist tearions. That says something for the ingenuity of nail wine producers, but it says even more about the changing American posture toward wine. Recent consumption gains for sparkling wine have been driven by many factors over the last few years including the adoption of wine in early adulthood by the large Millennial generation, the availability of quality wine at all price levels, and the acceptance of pass wine consumption as compatible with a healthy lifestyle. EconomicThe turbulent economic system has had a moderately negative feign on the nations embodied wine consumptions growth. Within the 20082011 period, stock market volatility had little effect on how much wine consumers were drinking. In 2008, 61% of respondents stated they hadnt changed the amount of wine they consumed despite the poor economic conditions. The saving has had a direct effect on prices over the last 10 years, prices went down significantly during the recession, but as the economy has improved, they have bounced back very quick and even surpassed previous highs.Fine wine prices dropped 19 percent from deluxe 2008 to August 2009 and they increased 33 percent from August 2009 to August 2010, surpassing their previous pre-recession prices. Political Wine is regulated by th e Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives division of the internal revenue assist which makes it subjected to high levels of control and tax. Us wines are shaped by politics including which grapes grow where, what can be written on the label, which wines are exported or imported, which wines are useable in local stores, and how much a wine costs.In the linked States, the wine laws are more compromising than European standards in regards to regulations on what viti pagan and winemaking practices are allowed in each wine region. A sizable portion of American wine laws relate towine labellingpractices. The coupled States imported 932 million liters of wine in 2010. The majority of imports came from Italy ($1. 3 billion). Depending on the sheath of wine, U. S. tariffs on imported wine from nations with which the unify States detects normal trade relations range from 5. 3 cents per liter to 22. 4 cents per liter.Tax rate for natural wine imported to New York for example is $0. 30 per gallon informal Analysis Current proceedss Berlucchis current yields * Cuvee Imperiale brut * Cuvee Imperiale Max Rose * Cuvee violet Demi Sec * Cuvee imperial vintage * Cuvee Storica Franciacorta DOCG * Bianco imperiale * Cellarius dry * Cellarius Rose * Cellarius Pas Dose * Berlucchi 61 brut * Berlucchi 61 Rose * Berlucchi 61 Saten * Palazzo Lana Franciacorta Brut Millesimato * Palazzo Lana Franciacorta Saten millesimato * Palazzo Lana Franciacorta Extreme millesimato PricesThe sparkling wines of Berlucchi are between 15 and 28. The average price per business enterprise * Berlucchi bianco imperiale 10 * Berlucchi 61 15 * Cuvee imperiale 20 * Cellarius between 15 and 20 * Palazzo Lana 28 position Market Geographically speaking, Berlucchi is targeting Italy. Berlucchi win market lead in its first few years because of its mission to change the bubbles. With their below average price for sparkling wine, and their distribution through marketplace stores, Berlucchi sparkl ing wine was accessible for everyone. Distribution bring Grocery retailersIn 2006 70% of all Berlucchi sales went through the mart retail distribution channel. Because of the companys firm sharpness of this channel, they established an undisputed leadership position. HoReCa and persuasiveness stores Berlucchi produced a intersection especially made for this channel, which won considerable success and allowed the company to re-establish its reputation among connoisseurs and win over specialised dealers. Positioning By distributing through grocery retailers, Berlucchi positions itself in a totally contrary range than most other Italian sparkling wine, which are operable in oddity stores.The companys solid penetration in this modern distribution channel anchored the positioning of the Berlucchi brand. But having a lower price does not hold still for they work with a bad quality, although some may look at Berlucchi as a cheap supermarket wine. The Berlucchi brand guarantees a high-quality, prestigious, accessible product. Competitive Advantage Berlucchi stands out because of their innovative spirit and desire to taste with new products and market segments, but off course, still in an accessible and qualitatively inviolable manner. The solid penetration in the modern distribution channel of grocery retailers is something no other ompany has accomplished. merchandise mix The marketing strategy that has maked Berlucchis success over the last thirty years can be summed up in three key words Italy, mass market, and corporate brand. In the 1960s, the companys founders saw an probability to create a sparkling wine market in Italy using the champenoise method. This method meant educating both trade and final consumers through constant communication, the aim of which was to eliminate the persona of Italian spumante as a sub-category of wine, or a lower-quality meter reading of the more familiar French champagne.In just a few years time the company won a leadership position in the Italian market. They had a clear mission To make bubbly accessible to everyone. The firm achieved this mission with an colossal distribution strategy. Berlucchi spumante wanted to create a festive atmosphere on any occasion. The best way to achieve this was to work the consumer through the simplest distribution channel, for instance grocery retailers. Berlucchi has always implemented a motor rather than a pull strategy, charge communication and commercial investments on trade.Another marketing strategy of Berlucchi was found on avoiding product proliferation in the portfolio, in keeping with the need to educate Italian consumers on the handed-down method. Berlucchi came up with a series of simple, characteristic brand visuals, which over time have come to be identified with the company. pecuniary Performance SWOT analysis confrontation matrix * S1 x O4, because despite the thought-provoking economic environment we are currently in, sparkling win es are set to gain share in the US alcohol market.Berlucchi has a below average price and that could be an opportunity for them to gain share in the US alcohol market. * S3 x O3, because Berlucchi has an innovative spirit and desire to experiment with new products and market segments. They could have an opportunity in the US alcohol market, because most Americans show an interest in broadening their horizons in terms of what kinds of wine they buy. * S3 x T3, because consumers in the wine market are constantly evolving. That could be an opportunity for Berlucchi, because they have an innovative spirit and desire to experiment with new products and market segments.Corporate strategy Berlucchi grew in a few years later founding to be leader in its market thanks to a clear mission democratize the bubbles. The founders were convinced they could produce an Italian sparkling wine of comparable quality to the current products on the market. The aim was to produce a high-quality, prestigi ous, accessible product for a below average price. The staple reason for their attitude was that they could not apologize the substantial price difference between Berlucchi products marketed through large retailers and the same wines change in specialized stores and wine bars.Eventually Berlucchi grew to be a market leader in the large grocery retailers and an important player in the HoReCa and wine shops, without ever permit go of the initial corporate mission. Segmentation The wine consumers in the U. S. can be segmented in to the following groups based on consumption and spending patterns day-to-day moldinesss vicissitude setkers individualised effigy excavate Buyers Occasional Consumers Represent 16. 4% of wine drinkers Represents 14. 4% of wine drinkers Represents 14. 1% of wine drinkers Represents 2. 6% of wine drinkers Represents 34. % of wine drinkers expenditure share of 49. 3 % disbursement share of 34% pass share of 3. 1% spend share of 9. 7% outlay shar e of 4% Median age is 61 Median age is 50 Median age is 34 Median age is 48 Median age is 55 annual income averages $62,000 annual income averages $100,000 Annual income averages $62,000 Annual income averages $80,000 Annual income averages $63,000 Target Market The segments most viable for targeting are the chance(a) Musts, the physical body knock againstkers and Personal simulacrum consumers and through using a diverseiated strategy all three can be targeted. quotidian musts Although this segment is brand loyal, by applying low cost strategy and attractive promotional material this segment can be entered, after which the focus should be customer memory board and maintaining everyday low price offers in combination with a loyalty chopine to create loyalty to the berlucchi brand and maximise customer equity. Variety seekers Premium brand images and first-class box pull up stakes strongly appeal to the Variety Seekers and expert ratings, premium pricing and event or r epute sponsorships volition truly entice this segment to try berlucchi brand wine.However because of their low brand loyalty a truly pugnacious loyalty architectural plan is necessary to give their business. Advertisement be should foc utilize on wine magazines and internet media. Personal propose This segment shows the most possible lucrativeness on the long term and should be engaged to ensure a significant market share in the near decade as this is the fastest growing segment. The focus has to be on sorrowful them towards Variety Seeker of day-after-day Must habits. Innovation through products and packaging and supplement social media would speak most to the Personal look wine drinkers. PositioningDaily Musts and the Personal Image consumers can be catered to with one product in the area , the products should have a below average to average price level and focus on offering an accessible product of decent or higher quality. The product targeting the variety seekers sh ould be higher priced to watch a somewhat prestigious image and high quality. Below you can see the product value proposition for Berlucchis target customers. Objectives Market share inciter familiarity Revenue Timeframe 3 years Marketing Mix Product As depict in positioning, there are three target groups for which there are divergent product needs.To accustom all potential customers it is neccessary to introduce two contrastive lines of products. Lines Cuvee Imperiale Brut Max Rose Demi Sec time of origin For over half a century, Cuvee Imperiale has been identical with festiveness, joy, and raising a toast, and its consistently fine taste has made it the Italians favourite classic-method sparkler. Its four styles make it the perfect choice for both casual moments and the most special of occasions. This line forget attend the needs of the Daily Musts and Personal Image consumers, it has a below average price, it is accessible and has a high quality.Palazzo Lana Brut S aten Extreme The timeless elegance of the Palazzo Lana Berlucchi, the handsome mansion that inspired the first Franciacorta, is present once again in these vintage-dated Franciacortas. Produced from free-run must, and rare both in amount and quality, the three are bound together by a common ramble of gracefulness, complexity, and avoidance of excess, each wine sanctified to those who enjoy them thoughtfully. This line impart serve the needs of the Variety Seekers consumers, it is above average prices, has a prestigious image and has a high quality. Packaging Daily mustsThe Daily Musts consumers are pliant in their reception to different packaging designs. Personal Image They consider wine consumption an extension of their personalized images, however are more centre on store brands. Variety seekers This consumer group appreciates premium packaging. When lining together these consumer characteristics and the packaging of the chosen products, we can come to a conclusion of no requisite to change the packaging of the products, due to the already existing compatibility of consumer needs and the product packaging. Price Cuvee Imperiale The price for the Cuvee Imperiale line exit be $15.Berlucchi impart have to lower their price a little bit than they have in Italy, but this way they can compete with the competitors in the US, for instance the Toso Brut from Argentina. The Cuvee Imperiale will be a good competitor due to their below average price and good quality sparkling wine. Palazzo Lana The price for the Palazzo Lana line will be around the $30 in the US. One big competitor is the Taltarni Brut Tache, their price is around the $25. Berlucchi Palazzo Lana is more expensive, but Berlucchi will still be a good competitor since the prices of Taltarni have been progressively rising lately.It will also be a good competitor, because of its prestigious image and high quality. Place Locations Below is a table with 6 states located in the U. S. whom are kno wn to have an extremely large wine drinking population, and therefor will be the best states in the US to introduce the Berlucchis wines. Type California Texas Florida New York Illinois New Jersey Population 38,053,956 25,901,361 19,057,542 19,465,197 12,869,257 8,821,155 Binge drinkers 14. 7% 15. 6% 12,40% 15. 2% 17. 5% 14. 4% Casual drinkers 56. 2% 51. % 56,3 59. 1% 58% 59. 7% impenetrable drinkers 5. 9% 5. 2% 5,3 4. 3% 4. 7% 4. 5% Retailers Within each one of these 6 states the wines will be available in two types of store retailers * distinctive feature stores A small retail passing that focuses on selling a particular product range and associated items. Most specialty store business operators will maintain considerable debt in the type of product that they specialize in selling, usually at premium prices, in addition to providing higher service quality and expert focus to shoppers. Superstores A very large retail store that stocks highly diversified merchandise, such as gro ceries, toys, and camera equipment, or a wide variety of merchandise in a specific product line, such as computers or sporting goods. curiosity stores Berlucchis wines will be available in the best of the best wine shops in each state. They will be placed in these shops according to the stores place and popularity. State Specialty Wine Stores1 California 867 New York 533 New jersey 265 Florida 252 Illinois 211 Texas 181 SuperstoresMore than a third of all wines sold in America are purchased at Superstores. Wall-Mart 2011 USA Retail gross sales ($000) $307,736,000 Extending its lead, it is making solid progress on improve its merchanides through different new projects. The companys grocery business accounted for more than half of its 2011 sales. Wall-Mart constantly hires wine scouts to inquiry new wines in order to however broaden their inventory. Wines located in a Wall-Mart store Kroger 2011 USA Retail gross revenue ($000) $78,326,000 Americas largest traditional grocer is f ood focused and price led.It includes a wide variety of all sorts of wines. In 2012 Kroger chartered wine stewards for a few of its Texas stores. The political push to sell wine in grocery stores is now in different Kroger stores. Wines located in a Kroger store Target 2011 USA Retail Sales ($000) $65,815,000 Target will try to become more beverage focused and currently has strong store innovations and loyalty programs. They compound grocery store bargains with wine shop-level service and expertness. Wines located in a Target store RestaurantsIn addition to these retail stores, the wines will also be available in a variety of restaurants in each state. These restaurants will include non-fast food restaurants that have an ideal location for different types of customers to reach. Below is an example of one of the restaurants that look real promising in terms of boosting Berlucchis brand image. Since 1979 Antonello Ristorante located in California has captured the essence of Old huma n race authenticity with a new Italian. Antonellos award-winning wine list boasts more than 700 irrelevant and domestic labels.For special occasions or business meetings, there are eight Promotion The goal is to become the first thing that comes to mind for a person from one of our targeted segments when in the market for wine. According to professor Jacobs Creek of the University of South Australias Wine Marketing enquiry Group, it is not the brand but the wine regions that influences consumers choice the most. The promotional strategy used to differentiate the Berlucchi wines from others is to sell the idea of living the southern European caution free, want for nothing life style using the campaign slogan A taste of the Italian life.This should invoke an horny repartee to advertisement as consumers in the Daily must segment, who are older and often retired or near retirement age can relate to the care free living. The variety seekers can relate to the want for nothing aspect and high end allure of Milan or capital of Italy and the younger personal image consumers can indulge in the American romanticized cultural image of Europe. Promoting the Brand As Americans are not yet aware of how many wines are actually Italian and no wine markets itself distinctively as such, the Berlucchi products can be analyzed as a new product.To start the trigger conformation a launch event will be held in Los Angeles, California to which columnists/writers for different lifestyle and food magazines, influential tasters and VIPs will attend to experience the different wines by Berlucchi that will be launched in the U. S. which will result in features in magazines such as food and wine, Decanter, WineEnthusiast and Fine. During the introduction phase a print ad and a broadcast media advertisement featuring Robert Deniro will run.Because of his Italian heritage and wine expertise as he owns his own vineyard, on the other hand because of his long and superior acting career he is placeable and idolized by people across generations. The broadcast ad, which will run for bakers dozen weeks, will be shown during lifestyle boob tube shows and cooking shows such as get across chef and come dine with me and can even be featured on the shows. The print ad will run for a total of 30 weeks, appearing once to 10 times throughout that period in different magazines and as banners on different online magazines.To promote the brand without delay to the target group, Berlucchi nights will be nonionized during which selected restaurants will serve free glasses of Berlucchi wine that go well with the mete out ordered. The before mentioned strategies will be very effective for the Daily must and Variety seeker segments, but to ensure the intimacy of the personal image segment a social media campaign needs to be launched. Each bottle of Berlucchi wine will have a enrol and book of instructions printed on the back side of the label.After purchasing a bottle a co nsumer can befriend Berlucchi on Facebook or follow them on twitter, after which the phrase Having a taste of the Italian life Berlucchi code should be posted online. In response a code will be send back to the consumer which entitles him or her to a 61% discount on their bordering purchase of a bottle of Berlucchi Cuvee Imperiale and they enter a lottery for a set of 3 Berlucchi Franciacorta 61 bottles. The low price and exciting price will attract the segment and by posting they instantaneously communicate the existence of Berlucchi to their friends. Loyalty program Budget Control Recommendation accompaniment date 1a omen 1b Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Top 3 states in wine consumption Figure 6 Top 3 states in emerging wine markets Figure 7 Figure 8a Figure 8b Figure 9 Daily Musts Variety Seekers Personal Image Savvy Buyers Occasional Consumers * Represent 16. 4% of wine drinkers * Accountable for 49. 3 % of all wine sales. * Median age is 61 * Annual incom e averages $62,000. Daily Musts are the heaviest wine consumers and consumers and drink on a daily basis. They are brand loyal and flexible in their response to different packaging designs and tend to buy based on low prices. * Represents 14. 4% of wine drinkers * Spending share of 34% * Median age is 50. * Annual income averages $100,000. They tend to spend more per capita than the Daily Musts, appreciate premium packaging, quality wine and variety. They often view higher price as a sign of higher quality. The Variety seeker is most likely to use the internet to secure information before purchases and look at wine as an extension of their personal image and tend not to be brand loyal. * Represents 14. 1% of wine drinkers * Spending share of 3. 1% * Median age is 34 * Annual income averages $62,000.This group will grow in consumption as their ages and incomes increase. The Personal image drinkers habits are in development, and they tend to turn to social media and the Internet for information. They consider wine consumption an extension of their personal images, however are more focused on store brands. * Represents 2. 6% of wine drinkers * Spending share of 9. 7% * Median age is 48 * Annual income averages $80,000This group enjoys assay a variety of wines and tends to buy on value, however not necessarily focused on low price since they only consume moderate to small amounts. * Represents 34. 5% of wine drinkers * Spending share of 4% * Median age is 55 * Annual income averages $63,000 Figure 10 Segmentation by lifestyle Figure 11 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 . SVB, 2012 2 . See supplement gens 2 3 . See Appendix take care 3 4 . See Appendix conception 4 5 . See Appendix figure 5 6 . See Appendix figure 6 7 . http//www. gayot. com/wine/top10american-sparkling-wines/main. hypertext mark-up language 8 . Wine Institute, 2011 9 . crunch Democrat, 2011 10 . See Appendix figure 7 11 . With the exceptio n of the state of Washington 12 . https//www. cia. ov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it. hypertext mark-up language 13 . http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries 14 . http//quickfacts. census. gov/qfd/states/06000. html . S. number Bureau State and County QuickFacts 15 . http//www. tax. ny. gov/bus/bev/abt_tax_information_individuals. htm 16 . Berlucchi Case page 15 table 2 17 . http//www. berlucchi. it/we-do/ 18 . See Appendix Figure 1a 19 . See Appendix Figure 1b 20 . http//www. wine-searcher. com/wine-197764-0001-berlucchi-palazzo-lana-brut-franciacorta-docg-italy 21 . Berlucchi Case page 5 22 . Berlucchi Case page 5 23 .Berlucchi Case page 5 24 . Berlucchi Case page 5 25 . Berlucchi Case page 11 26 . Berlucchi Case page 21 table 23, 24 27 . See Appendix figure 10 for more info. 28 . See Appendix figure 11 29 . http//www. berlucchi. it/we-do/cuvee 30 . http//www. berlucchi. it/we-do/palazzo-lana 31 . See Appendix Figure 10 32 . See Appendix Figure 1a 33 . http//www. statemaster. com/graph/hea_alc_con_cas_dri-health-alcohol-consumption-casual-drinkers 35 . http//www. wkrn. com/ yarn/19808909/kroger-begins-focused-push-for-wine-in-grocery-stores 36 . Based on research findings of SymphonyIRI group, INC